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A. How is a viral plaque similar to a bacterial colony?

B. How does HSV I's life cycle differ from bacteriophage T4's life cycle?

C. Samantha has a history of cold sores. She's been getting them periodically since she was a child. Should she have been surprised by her current outbreak? Explain.

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Sixta Kovacek
Sixta KovacekLv2
28 Sep 2019

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Related questions

Comments on this, i need a paragrapgh on comments abaout this...

Abortion keeps being a controversy because both sides of the spectrum have valid points. The side that is prolife it right about abortion being the termination of an organism. Their believe system states that murdering human being is wrong and since an unborn child is still a human child, then by default this should be condemned as a wrong thing. They also say they are helping the woman themselves because abortion can have “the risk of breast cancer in those who had experienced an induced abortion was 50% higher than among other women” however the same study states “the results across all epidemiologic studies of this premise are inconsistent—both overall and within specific subgroups. The risk of breast cancer should be re-examined”. This means we should not jump in to conclusion because more studies need to be done before accepting something as fact. The side for pro-choice states that a woman should have the choice to make her own decision no matter if it is a good or bad decision. A decision that will change her live completely and most of the time make it harder for a woman to get ahead in life.

I am pro-choice, not because I like terminating live, I am actually pro-live of any type of organisms not just humans, but because woman who phase this problem should have their reason or really are not prepare to have a baby in a modern society, and as Mack T Brown said “The value of a self-represented future resides within the person herself, as a feature of a richly complex mental life". Both sides of the argument go to the extreme to explain their case pro-choice and give the example of a raped woman. Pro-live give the example of that a baby is always a good thing. Both acceptable, however most woman are not in this spectrums, an example that is more relevant is a woman who does not have the emotionally and or financial maturity to make the choice that is to have a child. Physically a girl is ready to have a child when her menstrual cycle begins that is usually around 13. Most people would agree that a girl of that age will not have any type of maturity to take care of even herself less a child. Let’s not go far let’s say a girl of eighteen years old getting out of high school, she may have a rare emotional maturity at that age to have the child but in today’s society impossible without any help from family members to take care of that child. How many hours will she work? How will she take care of the child? How will she go to school to better herself for the future to come? These girls that are asking themselves if they should have an abortion is not because it is something they would like to do, it is a hard decision to postpone taking that live changing decision before they are ready to do it and not be a burden in society.

The current abortion law is strict, so abuse of the law will be very hard to do. In the third trimester a woman would need 2 signatures of two physicians to be able to do an abortion. I personally think that this is great this way we can assure that there is no negligence from any party. The part of the law I do not agree with is that the law says that if during the abortion the baby is born alive they need to offer emergency services. This defeats the purpose of an abortion that as harsh as it sounds it is to terminate the pregnancy cycle before time.

Please help answer 4 questions:

1. Using the information provided thus far by both Parts I and II, answer the following questions.

What problems both stated and unstated does Phyllis seem to be experiencing? What pieces of background information (patient environment and social/family history) have been provided by the family?

2. Distinguish between the relevant and non relevant symptoms/lab results needed to form a diagnosis. Of the relevant symptoms/lab results, rank them in priority and defend your answer.

3. Given what you know about the role of myelin in action potential propagation and the key information previously identified in questions 1 and 2, explain why multiple sclerosis is the appropriate diagnosis.

4. Consider you are the physician, what would be your strategy to slow progression of the disease and compensate for reduced neuronal function? What is the long-term prognosis with treatment?

The Soccer Mom:

A Case Study on the Nervous System

by

Jennifer Bolognese, Misti Coronel, Anita Intorre, and

Phil Stephens Biology Department Villanova University

Part I—At the Soccer Game

Thirty-two-year-old Phyllis Jackson was sitting on the bench at the side of the soccer ?eld, sipping a bottle of

Gatorade. Her husband, Steven, sat next to her with a concerned expression. “I’m really worried about you, honey,” he said.

“I’m just a little dehydrated; I’ll be ?ne.”

“If this were the ?rst incident, then maybe I’d agree with you. But your boss has been on your case about your lack of concentration at work, you forgot to pick up the kids from school last week, and quite frankly, you haven’t exactly been yourself with me lately. Now you’re having fainting spells during games? Something doesn’t seem right.”

“I know things haven’t been going well for me lately, but I don’t know why. I try so hard at work, at home, with the kids, to be a good wife. So maybe all this stress has made me a little unfocused and disoriented. What do you want me to do about it?” Phyllis said, blinking back tears.

“I think you should see a doctor,” Steven replied, putting his arm around her and drawing her close. “The kids are getting worried, too.”

Phyllis sighed. “Alright, if it will make you feel better. I really just think I need some time to relax, though.” “Well… I could drop the kids of at my sister’s tonight; that would give us a little free time…”

“That’s really thoughtful of you. I could de?nitely use a quiet night at home, maybe even go to bed early.” Steven seemed disappointed.

Part II—The Doctor Visit

“So, what seems to be the problem, Mrs. Jackson?” Dr. Warner asked Phyllis.

“My husband wanted me to come in and see you after I fainted during my soccer game Saturday. I’ve also been having some problems at work, but I think I’m just stressed.”

“What kinds of problems have you been having at work?”

“It’s been hard to concentrate on tasks. I’ve also had some problems typing—I’ve been making more errors than usual, and oftentimes my ?ngers will go numb.”

“I see,” said Dr. Warner, taking a few notes on his clipboard. “According to my records you are not on any long term medication. Have you noticed any problems outside of work?”

“Well, my husband has been complaining about our personal life lately. And last week, I completely forgot that I was supposed to pick up our two daughters after school. I’ve been feeling really tired lately; even my coordination seems of.”

“How long has this been going on for?”

“A few weeks, but this isn’t the ?rst time. These problems seem to come and go, but it’s getting to the point where I can’t just ignore them anymore. I don’t know, maybe I’m just depressed.”

“Why do you say that?”

“My mother suffered from depression throughout my childhood.”

“Well, depression certainly could cause some of the symptoms you’re experiencing,” Dr. Warner said thoughtfully. “Is there a history in your family of any neurological disorders?” “I don’t think so. I have some vague recollection of my grandfather in a wheelchair when I was really young, but I don’t know what was wrong with him.”

“Okay,” said the doctor, nodding. “Well, the few preliminary tests we’ve run show that you are not pregnant, and that you are not going through menopause. I’d like to send you to see Dr. Thrush, a friend and colleague of mine. She is a neurologist at the local hospital and she will run a few tests to explore your symptoms a little further.”

Questions: Analyze

1. Using the information provided thus far by both Parts I and II, answer the following questions.

What problems both stated and unstated does Phyllis seem to be experiencing? What pieces of background information (patient environment and social/family history) have been provided by the family?

Part III—Diagnostic Tests

Dr. Thrush looked over the results of Phyllis’s Magnetic Resonance Imaging (mri) and evoked potential tests. She was thinking how glad she was that Steven had accompanied Phyllis on this visit as she showed them the MR images of Phyllis’ brain.

“The machine took pictures of Phyllis’ brain in slices. The dark areas are the brain tissue, Phyllis, and the white areas in the middle and around the outside are the cerebrospinal ?uid.”

“Is that normal? Am I ok?” Phyllis asked. “And what are those little white dots in the tissue?”

“The white dots are what concerned me,” replied the doctor. “So we did another type of mri, called dark ?uid, so that your cerebrospinal ?uid would not show up white.”

“But I still see the white dots in my brain tissue. What does that mean?”

The doctor looked down, knowing that this was never an easy thing to tell a patient.

“I am afraid that this indicates that there are plaques or scars in your brain, and that you may have multiple sclerosis.”

Tears began to form in her eyes as Phyllis squeezed her husband’s hand.

“I am afraid that the evoked potential test and the elevated levels of myelin basic protein in you cerebrospinal ?uid indicate the same thing.”

Questions: Evaluate and Apply

2. Distinguish between the relevant and non relevant symptoms/lab results needed to form a diagnosis. Of the relevant symptoms/lab results, rank them in priority and defend your answer.

3. Given what you know about the role of myelin in action potential propagation and the key information previously identified in questions 1 and 2, explain why multiple sclerosis is the appropriate diagnosis.

Part IV—The Diagnosis

Dr. Thrush informed Phyllis that she was probably suffering from the relapsing-remitting form of multiple sclerosis (ms), in which relapses of symptoms are separated by periods of remission. ms is a disorder in which the myelination of axons is degraded due to unknown factors. The most commonly accepted explanation is that ms is an autoimmune disorder in which myelin in the central nervous system is attacked by the body’s own immune system. There is no known cure for multiple sclerosis. During remission, axons affected by the disorder regain their function. Voltage-gated sodium channels are concentrated in the nodes of Ranvier and the distribution changes at disease onset.

Questions: Create

4. Consider you are the physician, what would be your strategy to slow progression of the disease and compensate for reduced neuronal function? What is the long-term prognosis with treatment?

Thank you for your time with this

Roger Maxwell is very health-conscious. He runs, swims, and hikes; follows a lowcarbohydrate diet; and generally feels great. He sees a physician when he needs to, in addition to annual physical exams at the large company where he is an engineer. He'd never allow himself to get so out of shape that heart disease would be a risk. Because of his strict adherence to this healthy lifestyle, Roger is surprised when a medical intern, gazing at his yearly elecfrocardiogram (ECG) at his work physical, clearly picks up on something.

"What? What are you looking at?" Roger blurts out while buttoning up his shirt.

"Oh, it's probably nothing." But she doesn't look like it's probably nothing.

"The heart murmur? My mom's been telling me about it since childhood. Not a big deal. The doctors called it something last year, something I never heard of." "Did you check it out?" asks the intern.

"Nah. It wasn't bothering me, so I forgot about it. Why? What's wrong?"

"Well, maybe you should ask the doctor to explain it again and suggest what to do."

"About what?"

"The doctor will explain it. Please don't worry, though," says the intern as she rushes off to the next patient.

Roger's electrocardiograms had in fact been showing that he has had long QT syndrome, and not a heart murmur, for many years. The doctor explains that this is a problem with the heart's rhythm, and not its valves. Roger goes home and Googles long QT syndrome right away. What he finds concerns him enough to alert his relatives.

Long QT syndrome is a lengthening in the time that it takes the ventricles (the lower two heart chambers) to recover after a contraction, called the QT interval on an electrocardiogram. This delay is called torsade de pointes, and it causes lightheadedness upon standing or even fainting, as blood pressure drops when the heart rhythm becomes abnormal. If the arrhythmia turns into the more erratic condition called ventricular fibrillation, it can be deadly. Some cases •of sudden cardiac arrest in people who apparently do not have heart disease are in fact due to long QT syndrome. This 'may have been the case with Roger's aunt, Amelia, his mother's sister, who died at age 34 of what was thought to be a heart attack, but, now Roger realizes, was more likely an arrhythmia. Still, with only one affected relative, Roger had never thought of his aunt's •early demise as a family history, especially since his mother is healthy.

Roger reads that in people with some forms of long QT syndrome, fatal arrhythmia can be triggered by intense emotions or a sudden loud sound. The first recorded case of the condition was a little girl, who collapsed dead •when her teacher suddenly yelled at her. Her older brother had died in a similar circumstance. Suddenly, Roger remembers that his daughter Sheila faints very easily. She even passed out once at a rock concert because she got so excited. He'd never panicked over it because his mother fainted easily, too. A pattern was emerging.

Long QT syndrome is caused by mutations in any of at least 10 genes that encode either proteins that form parts of ion channels (potassium, sodium, or calcium) or proteins that affect the functioning of these channels. Ion channels control the spread of nerve impulses and the resulting muscle contraction. The time for the heart's reeovery after a beat, called repolarization, extends the period when ions are trapped inside heart muscle cells because the channels are blocked, too slow to open, or too quick to close in people who are at elevated risk due to inheriting a mutation. People with long QT syndrome can experience arrhythmia if they take certain drugs that prolong the QT interval. These drugs include certain antibiotics, antidepressants, and diuretics ("water pills").

Roger reads about the different genes and drug combinations that cause long QT syndrome on Wikipedia, and then he scans www.genetests.org to find labs that test for all of them. Only then does he make an appointment with a cardiologist, and he arranges to have his blood and that of his daughter and mother sent to one of the labs. Two weeks later, he learns that they all have a dominant mutation in a gene called HERG (for "human ether-a-go-go") that causes long QT syndrome type 2 (LQT2). Even healthy family members could have inherited the mutation, because 15 percent of people with long QT syndrome do not have symptoms. The concern is their increased risk of developing symptoms in the future—perhaps suddenly.

Question 1 : Roger is upset that in the past doctors had not been more insistent that he follow up on the abnormal ECG pattern. When he mentions this to his primary care physician, she answers, "I didn't say anything because you are so healthy, and people who have cardiac arrest from long QT do so in young adulthood. You're too old to worry about it." But Roger should be worried, because

a. he looks younger than he is, so could still be at risk

b. the condition can be inherited, so others in the family could be affected.

c. he could die at any time.

d. he can no longer take antibiotics.

e. long QT syndrome can cause cholesterol to build up in his coronary arteries.

2. Individuals who should take genetic tests for long QT syndrome are

a. all the people in generation IV.

b. Eric, Joan and Peter, and then Dylan, Anika, Sean, Keri, and Anna if a parent has the mutation.

c. Juanita, Larry, Joan, Peter, and Ellie.

d. Abe, Sara, Craig, Philip, Edwin, and Yvonne.

e. Only those who are athletic.

3. The mode of inheritance of long QT syndrome in the Maxwell family is

a. X-Iinked recessive

.b. autosomal recessive.

c. autosomal dominant.

d. sex-limited.

e. X-Iinked dominant.

4. Some people who inherit the same mutation as Roger do not experience any symptoms. This means that the mutation is

a. variably expressive.

b. genetically heterogeneic.

c. polygenic.

d. incompletely penetrant.

e. dominant.

5). The fact that mutations in any of several genes can cause long QT syndrome means that the condition is

a. variably expressive.

b. genetically heterogeneic.

c. polygenic.

d. incompletely penetrant.

e.recessive.

6). The risk that Sean, Keri, or Anna has inherited the family's mutation for long QT syndrome is

a. 1

b. ¾

c. ¼

d. ¼

e. 1/8

7) Roger is relieved that he does not have- LQT7, which affects skeletal as well as cardiac muscle, causing short stature and scoliosis. He is also glad that he doesn't have LQT8, which causes many symptoms, or either of two types that also cause deafness. These other forms of the condition, with more than one symptom, exhibit

a. invariable expressivity.

b. complete penefrance.

c. genetic homogeneity.

d. pleiotropy.

e. phenocopy.

8) The reason that mutations in different genes all cause the same phenotype of extended QT interval on an ECG is that

a. the heart is an extremely complex organ.

b. the genes all encode proteins that affect ion channels essential for maintaining heartbeat.

c. the genes all encode the same protein.

d. the mutations all affect the genes in the same way.

e. the QT interval is highly variable, even within individuals at different times.

9). A phenotypic pattern in a family that could be due to inherited long QT syndrome is

a. sudden cardiac death in one or more young people and individuals who faint easily.

b. many individuals who eat a very fatty diet and are sedentary but do not develop heart disease.

c. many individuals with hypertension.

d. many individuals who suffer heart attacks after age 50.

e. a family with rnany athletes who have very low heart rates because of intense and frequent exercise.

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