Histone proteins areamong the most highly conserved proteins in eukaryotes. Histone H4proteins from a pea and a cow, for example, differ in only 2 of 102amino acids. Comparison of the gene sequences shows many moredifferences at the nucleotide level, but only two of these changeencoded amino acids. These observations indicate that mutationsthat change amino acids must be selected against. Why do yousuppose that amino acid-altering mutations in histone genes aredeleterious?
Histone proteins areamong the most highly conserved proteins in eukaryotes. Histone H4proteins from a pea and a cow, for example, differ in only 2 of 102amino acids. Comparison of the gene sequences shows many moredifferences at the nucleotide level, but only two of these changeencoded amino acids. These observations indicate that mutationsthat change amino acids must be selected against. Why do yousuppose that amino acid-altering mutations in histone genes aredeleterious?
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What is the percent sequence identity between hemoglobin (2HHB) and myoglobin (1A6M)?
A. | 93% | |
B. | 39.46% | |
C. | 25.17% | |
D. | 4.08% |
QUESTION 2
Which of the following statements is consistent with the sequence similarity parameter?
A. | The abundance of amino acids with similar properties that are arranged in the same order is equal to the abundance of identical amino acids. | |
B. | These parameters are not related and cannot be compared. | |
C. | The abundance of amino acids with similar properties that are arranged in the same order is less than the abundance of identical amino acids. | |
D. | The abundance of amino acids with similar properties that are arranged in the same order is higher than the abundance of identical amino acids. |
QUESTION 3
Which of the following statements is consistent with the similarity parameter and visualization of the aligned structures?
A. | Hemoglobin and myoglobin do not have similar structures. | |
B. | Hemoglobin and myoglobin have only moderately similar structures, as indicated by the large abundance of gray chains. | |
C. | Hemoglobin and myoglobin have very similar structures. | |
D. | Hemoglobin and myoglobin are perfectly aligned at every amino acid. |
QUESTION 4
Hemoglobin (2HHB) is ___ amino acids shorter than myoglobin; the sequence alignment considers only ___ amino acids, and alignment results show that hemoglobin is missing a contiguous strand of ___ amino acids.
A. | 10; 141; 6 | |
B. | 10; 141; 5 | |
C. | 10; 147; 6 | |
D. | 10; 147; 5 |
QUESTION 5
Which of the following statements best describes the evolutionary relationship between hemoglobin and myoglobin?
A. | The low sequence identity indicates that hemoglobin and myoglobin are not related, as tertiary structure cannot be used to study protein evolution. | |
B. | Both the high sequence identity and structural similarity suggest that hemoglobin and myoglobin are related. | |
C. | The difference in sequence identity and similarity values suggests that hemoglobin and myoglobin are related. | |
D. | The high structural similarity suggests that hemoglobin and myoglobin are related, while the low sequence identity suggests that the genes for each protein have diverged through mutation and deletion of several amino acids. |
QUESTION 6
The comparison of sequences and tertiary structures in this exercise indicates that:
A. | only similar amino acid sequences can provide the same tertiary structure. | |
B. | different amino acid sequences can provide very similar tertiary structures. |
QUESTION 7
The structures of deoxyhemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin are derived from the same source, have the same exact amino acid sequence and length, and differ only in the presence of noncovalently bound oxygen.
A. | True | |
B. | False |
QUESTION 8
When using the Sequencing and Structure Alignment tool, the degree of the structural similarity is shown by the superimposition of the backbones. Accordingly, which of the following statement best describes the comparison of deoxyhemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin?
A. | Only slight differences in the backbone traces occur throughout the aligned proteins. | |
B. | The only differences in the backbone traces occur near the oxygen-binding sites. | |
C. | The backbone traces of the proteins are drastically different. | |
D. | The backbone traces of the proteins are identical. |
QUESTION 9
The alignment of 2HHB and 1HHO shows that the binding of oxygen results in _______ in the protein.
A. | minor conformational changes at sites proximal and distal to the oxygen-binding site | |
B. | no conformational change | |
C. | drastic conformational changes | |
D. | minor conformational changes only within the oxygen-binding site |
QUESTION 10
The alignment of 2HHB and 1HHO shows that the conformation of the Fe-heme group _____ upon oxygen binding.
A. | changes | |
B. | does not change |
1. Characters that show a continuous range of variation, such as height and eye color, usually are controlled:
a. | by a single gene with two alleles that are codominant. |
b. | by many genes with an additive effect. |
c. | by epistatic interactions between two genes. |
d. | mainly by the environment, with only a small genetic component. |
2. In humans, red-green colorblindness is inherited as a sex-linked recessive trait. In order for a woman to be red-green colorblind, which of the following statements must be true.
a. | Her mother must be red-green colorblind. |
b. | All of her brothers must be red-green colorblind. |
c. | Her father must be red-green colorblind. |
d. | All of the above statements must be true if a woman is red-green colorblind. |
3. The x-ray crystallography data collected by Rosalind Franklin suggested to Watson and Crick that the:
a. | structure of DNA is a double helix. |
b. | two strands of the DNA molecule are joined by hydrogen bonds between the bases. |
c. | four bases within DNA pair in a specific way. |
d. | two strands of the DNA molecule are joined by covalent bonds between the bases. |
4. In the genetic code, _________ one amino acid.
a. | one nucleotide specifies |
b. | two nucleotides specify |
c. | three nucleotides specify |
d. | four nucleotides specify |
5. During Meiosis I, a homologous pair of chromosomes may not separate, resulting in daughter cells that have extra chromosomes or are missing chromosomes. This can lead to genetic disorders, including Down Syndrome. This phenomenon is called:
a. | independent assortment. |
b. | nondisjunction. |
c. | segregation. |
d. | crossing over. |
6. You are a human geneticist studying the incidence of retinitis pigmentosa in the residents of Tristan de Cunha, a group of small islands in the middle of the southern Atlantic Ocean. The allele for retinitis pigmentosa, which causes a form of blindness, is inherited as an autosomal recessive. You have determined that the frequency of this allele (r) in the population is 0.4 (40%). Using the principles of the Hardy-Weinberg rule, you would estimate the frequency of individuals who are heterozygous for this allele (Rr) in the population to be:
a. | 0.16 (16%) |
b. | 0.24 (24%) |
c. | 0.36 (36%) |
d. | 0.48 (48%) |
7. Natural selection acts at the level of the:
a. | phenotype. |
b. | gene. |
c. | population. |
d. | nucleotide. |
8. You are working with pea plants, trying to recreate the experiments that Mendel performed. You are doing a dihybrid cross with a plant that is heterozygous for both seed shape and seed color, with the genotype RrYy. Which allelic combinations would you expect to find in the gametes produced by this plant?
a. | This plant would produce only RY and ry gametes. |
b. | This plant would produce only RrYy gametes. |
c. | This plant would produce RY, Ry, rY, and ry gametes. |
d. | You cannot determine which gametes this plant can produce without knowing the genotypes of its parents. |
9. Biochemist Erwin Chargaff found that in DNA there is a special relationship between the four bases that we now call Chargaff's rule. His observation was that, in an organism's genome the:
a. | percentage of A nucleotides = the percentage of T nucleotides, and the percentage of C nucleotides = the percentage of G nucleotides. |
b. | four bases all occur in an equal frequency (25%) within each organism. |
c. | percentage of A nucleotides = the percentage of G nucleotides, and the percentage of C nucleotides = the percentage of T nucleotides. |
d. | genetic material is composed of proteins, not DNA. |
10. During DNA replication:
a. | each strand of the double helix acts as a template for the synthesis of a new strand. |
b. | the enzyme DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the strand being synthesized. |
c. | the bases A,C,G and T are required. |
d. | All of the above are true of DNA replication. |
11. During translation, amino acids are joined by peptide bonds to make polypeptides. The formation of these peptide bonds is catalyzed by:
a. | DNA. |
b. | mRNA. |
c. | tRNA. |
d. | rRNA. |
12. If an allele (R) at a gene with two alleles shows complete dominance, individuals with the genotypes ______ will have the same phenotype.
a. | RR and rr. |
b. | RR and Rr |
c. | Rr and rr |
d. | Each of the three possible genotypes will have a different phenotype. |