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What is menopause? Why does menopause lower estrogen levels? What are some of the effects of these lowered estrogen levels or symptoms associated with menopause? Is menopause exclusive to women? Is this fair? Do men go through anything similar? 100 words or more please

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Collen Von
Collen VonLv2
28 Sep 2019

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1. Richard Dawkins interviews Randolph Nesse on evolutionary medicine (46 min):

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bAOhOhJr-gM

​Answer the following

1. Why should doctors understand natural selection?

2. What is "badly designed" about our forearms? Why?

3. Why do we all use the QWERTY keyboard? Is it the best arrangement of keys?

4. Why don't we "see" the blind spot in our field of view?

5. Is the body a machine? Why or why not?

6. What are the two different kinds of problems people bring to their doctors?

7. What would a life without pain be like? Why?

8. Why do we get fevers?

9. How does a lizard get a fever?

10. What is the "smoke detector principle"? Give an example.

11. How are our needs and motivations, shaped by natural selection, killing us now?

12. Why are our intestines all tangled up?

13. Why do so many people have back problems (in evolutionary terms)?

14. What paragraph is missing from every section of medical textbooks?

15. What are telomeres?

16. Why didn't natural selection

17. Are we designed (by natural selection) to be healthy and happy? Explain.

18. Why do we age?

19. If there weren't any aging, how long would we live?

20. How can a lethal gene increase in frequency?

21. Would life be great if we didn't have anxiety? Why or why not?

22. What are panic attacks (in evolutionary terms)?

23. "In a nutshell", what is Darwinian medicine?

24. Why hasn't natural selection made us better than we are? (4 reasons)

25. In what two ways do we misunderstand the body?

26. Why does natural selection "discriminate against men"? (I.e., Why do males tend to die sooner than females?)

27. ...Is #26 only a human phenomenon? Where else is this pattern seen?

28. What is a possible evolutionary explanation for menopause?

29. What has natural selection designed us for, health or reproduction?

30. From an evolutionary point of view, why is there so much suffering in life?

Question #08: Basic physiology of the Reproductive System The question for this week is as follows: From a conceptual view of nerve cell connectivity and function describe a mechanism that would allow for a hypothalamic network of GnRH (or two GnRH sub-networks e.g. tonic vs. phasic) to synchronize both its tonic (or basal pulsatile gonadotropin release) and its phasic (or preovulatory surge like release of gonadotropin) operation, as it is observed during the estrous or menstrual reproductive cycles. Consider how the pulsatile output of such hypothalamic network might affect gonadotropin release during puberty, reproductive adulthood and menopause (aging). Your answer must follow the outline shown in the introduction (sub-questions a, b, c, d, see above). Please notice that in this question the structure is defined as the GnRH neuronal network (or two GnRH sub-networks e.g. tonic vs. phasic) and you should define a specific function common to puberty, reproductive adulthood and menopause (aging). Hint: think on “the circle”.

The four sub-questions to be used in answering most recitation questions are:

a) Name the structure and the function on which your overall answer will be based? Be as specific as you can in delimiting the boundaries of your example (the most important part of your answer, since the following b, c, & d sub-questions are based on your answer to this first sub-question, a). Please notice that only 1 item is required (in your answer it should be labeled as “a”). This answer should look like: “a.- My structure (S) is …. and its function (F) is …”. In same cases a second sentence might be needed.

b) Why do you think that your structure and your function are related? Support your contention based on 3 lines of evidence based on the chemistry, physics, anatomy, or physiology involved in your example. Please notice that 3 items are required (answers should be labeled as “b1, b2, and b3”). One of this answers might look like: “b1.- If I do this experiment and measure this variable using this technique, this result will suggest that my S/F is correct”. Please notice that MY question does not ask you to tell me what happens since this can be copy from any source, but it asked how do you know that your S/F relationship is true.

c) Which are the levels of organization involved in your example (c1)? Cite events occurring at its main level of organization (c2) and indicate how they relate to the whole body level (c3). Please notice that 3 items are required (thus, answers should be labeled as “c1, c2, and c3”). These answers should look as follows: “c1.- molecular” or any level of organization involved in your “a” answer (S/F); “c2.- the first event is; the next even is; the middle event is; the next event is; the last event is”. Five events distributed equidistant from each other is a good summary for the story line of the your S/F named in your “a” answer. Finally, “c3.- at a whole individual level my S/F described in “a” plays this role”.

d) Which are the main feedback mechanisms involved in your example (cite at least two) (d1)? Expand on one of them (d2) and name 2 absolute requirement for that feedback to work (d3). Please notice that 3 items are required (answers should be labeled as “d1, d2, and d3”). These answers should look as follows: “d1.- an increase in this negative feedback ligand must decrease this variable under control”. This is how you NAME a negative feedback. For d1 you need to name two negative feedbacks; “d2.- the first event is; the next even is; the middle event is; the next event is; the last event is”. Five events distributed equidistant from each other is a good summary for the most important negative feedback story line involved as a control of the your S/F named in your “a” answer, that you named in d1; “d3.- this two components are absolutely necessary for the negative feedback described in d2 to be operational.

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