Question

THIS IS WORTH A LOT OF QUESTIONS becasue of the amount ofquestions and it is very important to me. I have answered themajority of the questions already and know which ones are for surecorrect so I will know. Please write beside a question you dontknow that you are unsure but think its A, B, C, or D. Thank youvery much.

ALSO, FOR QUESTION 14 THE PICTURE IS ATTACHED

1. Which of the following types of bonds wouldbe LEAST likely in a receptor-ligand interaction?

1. Ionic bond

2. Covalent bond

3. Hydrogen bond

4. Hydrophobic interaction

5. Ionic bond

2. Ka, the association constant, is a measureof which of the following?

1. The concentration of unbound ligand

2. The concentration of unboundreceptor

3. The affinity of receptor for ligand

4. The size of the receptor relative to theligand

5. The number of ligands for eachreceptor

3. Receptors that are multivalent tend to bindto their ligands more strongly than receptors with a single bindingsite. What is the term used to describe this phenomenon?

1. Avidity

2. Valency

3. Affinity

4. Magnetism

5. None of the above

4. Which of the following BEST describes howcytokines are released from activated T cells?

1. Cytokines are released near where T-cellreceptors are clustered.

2. T cells release cytokines on the side of thecell opposite the MTOC in order to more efficiently

   distribute the response around thecell.

3. T cells release cytokines evenly around thecell.

4. Cytokines are released in short bursts frompre-formed vesicles full of cytokines.

5. Cytokines are released in whatever directionthe MTOC happens to be facing upon TCR ligation.

5. Receptors that dimerize upon ligand bindingoften contain______________in their cytoplasmic domains.

1. tyrosine kinases

2. hydrophobic regions

3. proteases

4. metal-binding regions

5. large immunoglobulin folds

6. Portions of the cytoplasmic domains of manyimmune receptors are targets for phosphorylation. These domains areknown as:

1. Grb domains.

2. ITAMs.

3. leucine zipper motifs.

4. SOS domains.

5. None of the above

7. Lipid rafts are highly ordered regions ofthe cell membrane that are enriched in:

1. unsaturated fats.

2. cholesterol.

3. metabolic proteins.

4. clathrin.

5. tubulin.

8. Which of the following are well establishedways that tyrosine phosphorylation directly affects signalingpathways?

1. Inducing kinase activity

2. Recruiting enzymes through SH2domains

3. Opening calcium channels

4. Both a and b

5. Both b and c

9. Which of the following is the CORRECTrelationship?

1. PIP2= PIP3