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A. extraction of amylase from barley seeds

B. altering enzyme concentration to determine its effect on aconstant concentration of substrate

C. Determining the effect that ph has on enzyme containingreaction systems

D. determining the effect that temperature has on enzyme-containing reaction systems

the intro, objective, materlals, procedure, results, disscusion,conclusion.

This is the first lab report for me anyone have backgroundshould i do it separate,, any formal for this lab will be great

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28 Sep 2019

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Related questions

I need a good introduction and conlcusion of this experiment below is the expermeint and my results.

In this experiment you will observe the action of the enzyme amylase on starch. Amylase changes starch into a simpler form: the sugar maltose, which is soluble in water. Amylase is present in our saliva, and begins to act on the starch in our food while still in the mouth.

Exposure to heat or extreme pH (acid or base) will denature proteins. Enzymes, including amylase, are proteins. If denatured, an enzyme can no longer act as a catalyst for the reaction.

Benedict's solution is a test reagent that reacts positively with simple reducing sugars like maltose, but will not react with starch. A positive test is observed as the formation of a brownish-red cuprous oxide precipitate. A weaker positive test will be yellow to orange

PRE-LAB:

Add 1g of cornstarch to a beaker containing 100ml of cold distilled water. While stirring frequently, heat the mixture just until it begins to boil. Allow to cool.

PROCEDURE:

1. Fill the 250-mL beaker about 3/4 full of water and place on the hot plate for a boiling water bath. Keep the water JUST AT BOILING.

2. Mark 3 test tubes A, B and C. "Spit" between 1 and 2 mL of saliva into each test tube.

3. Into tube A, add 2 mL of vinegar. Into tubes B and C, add 2 mL of distilled water. Thump the tubes to mix.

4. Place tube B into the boiling water bath for 5 minutes. After the five minutes, remove from the bath, and place back into the test tube rack.

5. Add 5 mL of the starch solution to each tube and thump to mix. Allow the tubes to sit for 10 minutes, occasionally thumping the tubes to mix.

6. Add 5 mL of Benedict's solution to each tube and thump to mix. Place the tubes in the hot water bath. The reaction takes several minutes to begin.

OBSERVATIONS:

Tube A: Starch + saliva treated with vinegar (acid)

Was the test positive or negative? Negative

What does this indicate? The vinegar stops the action of amylase from catalyzing the starch therefore the solution becomes cloudier. This indicates that vinegar (acids) distort the shape of proteins in the salivary amylase.

Results: The solution turns cloudy.

Conclusion: Acids denature the shape of proteins in the salivary


Tube B: Starch + saliva and water, treated in a boiling water bath

Was the test positive or negative? Negative

What does this indicate? It indicates that when enzymes are exposed to extreme temperature for some time they are denatured and therefore become inactive.

Results: The benedict’s solution retained its color as the reaction did not occur. Extreme temperatures denatures enzymes, therefore when the salivary amylase was introduced to a hot water bath for five minutes the amylase was denture.

Conclusion: Salivary amylase/enzymes when introduced to hot temperatures it is a denatured therefore does not react on the substrate.


Tube C: Starch + saliva

Was the test positive or negative? Positive

What does this indicate? This indicates that the salivary amylase successfully worked on the starch.

Results: The benedict’s solution turned brown as an indication of the presence of sugar.

Conclusions: Salivary amylase acts on starch in favorable conditions, ie is optimum te

Please provide a lab report that explains your procedure, results and conclusions. Remember to include pictures of the lab set-up and results. Also, I want you to expand this initial experiment by proposing and testing (in the form of an additional experiment) a testable hypothesis that involves the above general concept. You will be graded on your use of the scientific method and the creativity/complexity of your experiment. Both the above experimentation and your original experiment may be included together into one experiment

2.Conclusion:

What have you learned from your study?

Interpret your data/ results:

Do your results support of disprove your hypothesis?

Compare and contrast your result with those of previous research.

Significance of the results: “Big Picture”

What is the global impact of your results?

What questions remain unanswered?

What kinds of experiments can come out of your study?

i have lab for biology and i need help with the Lab Report

the lab name is Bacterial Transformation Lab

1. Introduction:

Introduce the background and the nature of the problem your experiment is investigating.

Summarize the current knowledge of your subject.

Use examples of other research that have examined the same or a similar topic as your experiments.

Ending your introduction:

State your hypothesis

State your predictions

Give a brief statement about how you tested your hypothesis.

please help me with it is important for my lab class tomorrow

that is the lab i put the info please help me for the intro and for number 2 please be clear please

i would be happy if you help me it is due tommorrow i realy need your help on the intro and number 2 please be clear and show clear work hope you do it because it is due tomorrow

Bacterial Transformation Lab

Genetic engineering is one of the newest applications of basic knowledge in biology. It involves the isolation of specific genes from one organism and the insertion of those genes into a second organism of the same, or even different, species. Remember that a gene is a piece of DNA which codes for a product, usually a protein, which gives an organism a particular trait. The development of these techniques has generated considerable excitement and answered many questions, but it has also raised questions. Many scientists and others see genetic engineering as offering opportunities to make life better, for example, by exploring how genes are regulated, by curing diseases of genetic origin, by adding desirable traits to agricultural crops such as the ability to fix nitrogen in corn and pest resistance in cotton, and by genetically altering bacteria with genes enabling them to digest oil spills.

For almost 100 years, it has been possible to isolate DNA from cells, but only in the last 40 years or so has its function been understood. Your textbook discusses the work of such investigators as Fred Griffith and Oswald Avery, who demonstrated that if DNA was isolated from a pneumonia-causing strain of bacteria and added to cultures of nonvirulent bacteria, the recipient cells were transformed into virulent types that caused pneumonia. These transformation experiments were the first to show that genes could be artificially transferred in the laboratory. Since the time of those experiments (Avery's work was done in the 1940s), our knowledge of gene structure, function and control has increased astronomically. The application of this knowledge has created the field of genetic engineering.

Modern genetic engineering techniques depend on three critical factors:

A suitable host organism in which to insert the foreign gene;

A vector to carry foreign genes into the host; and

A means of isolating the host cells that have taken up the foreign gene.

The host organism

The most commonly used host organism is the gut bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli). Its chromosome is a single large circular DNA molecule, called the genomic DNA, containing about 4 x 106 base pairs. Not every cell will take up foreign DNA when exposed to it, but E. coli grows rapidly, dividing in less than 20 minutes, so that a single cell can give rise to a billion genetically identical descendants in a matter of 10 hours. Thus, a few transformed cells can provide a large number of offspring within a day. The strain we are using is K-12.

The vector

A vector is a DNA molecule used as a vehicle to carry genes from one organism to another. This DNA molecule can be modified by gene-splicing techniques using restriction enzymes and ligases so that it carries the genes of interest (essentially a cut-and-paste operation). Sometimes viruses are used as vectors, but for E. coli, plasmids are often used. A plasmid is a small circular DNA molecule containing 1000 to 200,000 base pairs. Plasmids exist naturally in many strains of E. coli and other bacteria. Plasmids replicate as the cell grows, independent of replication of the genomic DNA. These plasmids are transmitted to each of the product cells during cell division. Plasmids carrying genetic information that is beneficial to the host cell are maintained in a given population by natural selection. Plasmids frequently carry genes that confer antibiotic resistance, an obvious benefit.

When E. coli cells are exposed to plasmids or any other foreign DNA, some of the cells, called competent cells, will take up the DNA. We can induce cells to become competent by treating them with divalent cations, such as Ca++, followed by a brief exposure to high temperature, called a heat shock treatment. Exactly how this treatment causes cells to become competent is not understood, but it is described as making the membranes "leaky" so that large DNA molecules (like plasmids), which would not normally pass through the cell membrane, can enter the cell. This treatment does not make all cells competent, but it greatly increases the number of competent cells. Once in a cell, the plasmids replicate and are passed to the product cells during cell division.

The selective medium

The last requirement for genetic engineering is a means of isolating host cells that have taken up the gene of interest. The techniques used depend on the growth requirements of the host organism. For example, each species of bacteria has particular nutrient requirements. The composition of the growth medium (agar or broth) can be modified to allow growth of only certain bacteria -- for example, by adding or removing nutrients or other chemicals from the medium mixture. This modified medium is called a selective medium, because it selects for the growth of only some species. By introducing an antibiotic such as ampicillin into the medium in which the bacteria are grown, you will select for growth of only those bacteria carrying the antibiotic-resistance gene on newly acquired plasmids. In a matter of days, billions of antibiotic-resistant cells, all with the plasmid, can be grown.

Genetic engineers use a modification of this technique to insert a foreign gene into E. coli. In simplified terms, the plasmid (already carrying an ampicillin resistance gene) is modified by inserting the gene of interest. The gene of interest has been isolated from another source; for example, the gene for human insulin has been isolated from the human genome. The modified plasmid, carrying the inserted gene, is then mixed with competent E. coli and the bacteria are placed in a medium containing ampicillin. Only those cells that have the plasmid will grow in the medium, and they are also the cells carrying the insulin gene (in their plasmids). These selected cells can now be used to manufacture insulin, which can be used for insulin therapy by diabetics.

The genes

In the following experiment, you will insert a plasmid into E. coli. The plasmid you will use carries the gene bla, which codes for a protein (beta-lactamase) that is secreted by the bacteria, inactivating the ampicillin in the agar and allowing for bacterial growth. The plasmid also carries an indicator gene. The indicator gene we are using was isolated from a bioluminescent jellyfish, Aequorea victoria. It codes for Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP).

The GFP gene has been modified to include a regulator system that can be used to control the expression of the gene. Gene expression in all organisms is carefully regulated to allow for adaptation to differing conditions and to prevent wasteful overproduction of unneeded proteins. The genes involved in the breakdown of different food sources are good examples of highly regulated genes. For example, the sugar arabinose is both an energy source and a carbon source for bacteria. The bacterial genes that make digestive enzymes to break down arabinose for food are not expressed when arabinose is not in the environment. But, when arabinose is present, these genes are turned on. When the arabinose runs out, the genes are turned off.

Arabinose initiates transcription of these genes by promoting the binding of RNA polymerase. In the genetically engineered pGLO DNA, some of the genes involved in the breakdown of arabinose have been replaced by the jellyfish gene GFP. When bacteria with this plasmid are grown in the presence of arabinose, the GFP gene is turned on and the bacteria glow green in UV light. When arabinose is absent form the growth medium, the GFP gene remains turned off and the colonies appear white. This is an example of the central molecular framework of biology in action: DNA ? RNA ? protein ? trait.

In summary, you will render E. coli cells competent to take up plasmid DNA. The plasmid carries two identifiable phenotypic markers:

The beta-lactamase or bla gene codes for resistance to the antibiotic ampicillin. We will use this to select for bacteria that have taken up the plasmid.

The pGLO gene codes for Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), which is switched “ON” if arabinose is present.

Safety Procedure

For your own safety and the safety of others, it is essential that you follow all instructions about handling bacteria and disposal of materials. When you finish work for the day, swab your table with disinfectant. WASH YOUR HANDS thoroughly with soap before leaving the lab for any reason, and at the end of the day after you have cleaned your table. Report any spills to your instructor.

List of Materials

Prepared agar plates (2 LB, 2 LB/amp, 1 LB/amp/ara)

Transformation solution (50 mM CaCl2, pH 7.4)

LB broth

1 pack of inoculation loops

Sterile transfer pipets

1 foam microtube holder w/ tubes

E. coli starter plate

1 red biohazard bag for loop disposal (common use – Loops/pipets only - NO PAPER!!!)

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