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Ecology question:

1. a) What factors are responsible for changes in speciescomposition during an old field succession?

b) How might molecular tools be applied to solve outstandingproblems in ecology? Choose an example of a molecular or othermarker sufficiently powerful to tackle ecological problemsotherwise difficult to solve through traditional morphologicalmethods. Describe what the application of this method reveals.

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Jamar Ferry
Jamar FerryLv2
28 Sep 2019

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Related questions

3. Some Caminalcules went extinct without leaving descendents. In the real world, what intrinsic factors (i.e., related to an organism’s basic reproductive biology, population biology, ecological niche, etc.) or extrinsic factors (e.g., ecological/environmental factors) might increase or decrease the probability of a species going extinct? PLEASE DO NOT REFER TO HUMAN-CAUSED EXTINCTIONS IN YOUR ANSWER.

4. Find two additional examples of convergent evolution among the modern-day Caminalcules. This means finding cases where two or more species have a similar characteristic that evolved

independently in each lineage. The wing of bats, birds and bees is an example of

convergence since the three groups did not inherit the characteristic from their common

ancestor. Write your answers in complete sentences (e.g.,“Species x and y both have ____

but their most recent common ancestor, z, did not”). List two additional real-world examples

of convergent evolution (ones that we have not already talked about in class) and discuss

what might have caused the convergence.

5. a. Describe two examples of vestigial structures that you can find among the

Caminalcules. These are structures that have been reduced to the point that they are

virtually useless. Ear muscles and the tailbones are examples of vestigial structures in our

own species.

b. Explain how vestigial structures provide clues about a species’ evolutionary past.

Illustrate your argument with vestigial structures found in humans or other real species.

Kindly answer question 3 to 5 thank you.

Scientific Method Exercise
Identify a situation in which you applied the scientific approach to solving a problem. Share your thinking! The problem you choose to write about can be very simple, such as: my flashlight won't work, or my car won't start, or I baked muffins and they were flat ( didn't rise properly) , or the toilet won't flush properly, or better yet, think of your own. These probably don't sound like "science" problems, but it is most likely that you would use the scientific method to solve them, without even realizing it. Avoid using people problems and child or pet behavior issues as your "problem." Follow these steps to create your first writing assignment:

1. Describe the situation and your observation,
2. Describe your hypothesis to explain the observation.
3. Describe your further observations or experiments to test the hypothesis. Be sure your hypothesis is one that can be tested. Consider what you might use for "controls".
4. Was the hypothesis correct? If not, can you find a better one? Or do you need a better experiment? If so, what would it be?

The assignment should be formatted as follows: Be sure to include the labels, so it is clear that you recognize and identify each step in the process.
Problem: (briefly describe your problem here)
Question: (This may be a "how" or "why" question that you will formulate a tentative answer to. Your tentative answer is your hypothesis.)
Hypothesis: (State the answer to your question above. This is your "best guess" regarding the answer to the question.)
Prediction: (This describes your experiment very briefly and states the outcome you expect that would support your hypothesis)
Experiment: (Describe how you tested your hypothesis)
Results: (Describe what happened, and whether the results supported or failed to support your hypothesis)

. You are interested in continuing the work of Dr Mendes. What is one additional question that you might logically ask about this issue? Justify the question that you propose by logically describing why this is an important question to ask. Design and describe how to run an experiment to test the question you proposed. Be very specific. Make sure that the design is feasible (no growing plants on Jupiter). Include the following: · Independent and dependent variables · Control variables · Equipment and supplies needed · Outline the basic protocol to follow. · Describe WHY and HOW you will manipulate variables

here is the full question:

Do soil microorganisms protect against crop disease?

The rhizosphere, the soil layer surrounding plant roots, is a complex community in which archaea, bacteria, fungi, and plants interact with one another. After plants are attacked by fungal or bacterial pathogens, soil from the rhizosphere may protect plants from future attacks. Such protective soil is called disease-suppressive.

Researchers investigated whether microorganisms were responsible for the protective effects of disease-suppressive soils. Disease-suppressive soil was obtained from an agricultural field in the Netherlands in which sugar beet crops had previously been attacked by a fungal pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani. Other soil was collected from the margin of the field. The researchers predicted that soil from the margin would not offer protection against pathogens.

The researchers then planted and raised sugar beets in greenhouses, using 5 different soil treatments. Each soil treatment was applied to 4 pots, and each pot contained 8 plants. The pots were inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani and placed in greenhouses kept at 20°C with a 16-hour light: 8-hour dark cycle. After 20 days, researchers determined the percentage of infected sugar beet seedlings for each soil treatment. The results of the experiment are shown in the table.

Soil Treatment

Percentage of Seedlings

with Fungal Disease

Disease-suppressive soil

3.0

Soil from margin of field

62

Soil from margin of field

+10% disease-suppressive soil

39

Disease-suppressive soil heated

to 50∘C for 1 hour

31

Disease-suppressive soil heated

to 80∘C for 1 hour

70

(Data from R. Mendes, et al. Deciphering the rhizosphere for disease-suppressive bacteria, Science 332: 1097-1100 (2011)).


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