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Describe how G proteins, phospholipids, cAMP, and calcium ions are used as second messengers in cell signaling. How can these components amplify a signal?

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Beverley Smith
Beverley SmithLv2
28 Sep 2019

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Related questions

1. Specific extracellular signal molecules require a cell surface receptor. What about the chemistry of these signals prevents them from diffusing across the cell membrane?
2. What is the difference between endocrine signaling, paracrine signaling and autocrine signaling?
3. Why do cellular signal molecules bing to a receptor using noncovalent forces rather than a covalent bond?
4. What is the different between kinases and phosphates? How do they impact activity of the target protein. Please give an example that involves kinases and phosphates.
5. How do kinases recognize their substrates and the proteins they act on?
6. What is the difference between the active form and inactive form of GTPase superfamily of proteins?
7. How are second messengers different from first messengers?

Which of the following is not typically used to terminate a signaling cascade?

_____________________

Compartmentalization of calcium ions.
Removal of the ligand.
Degrading secondary messengers such as cyclic AMP.
Changes in phosphorylation of proteins.
Internal digestion of the receptor.

The lab you work in has discovered a previously unidentified extracellular signal molecule called QGF. You add purified QGF to different types of cells to determine its effect on these cells. When you add QGF to heart muscle cells, you observe an increase in cell contraction. When you add it to fibroblasts, they undergo cell division. When you add it to nerve cells, they die. When you add it to glial cells, you do not see any effect on cell division or survival.

A) How can the same signaling molecule cause such diverse affects? Why do the glial cells not respond at all?

B) Using effectors and second messengers discussed in class, devise a signaling pathway that QGF could use to increase contractions in in the heart. (Hint: Ca2+ is very important for muscle contraction)

C) Using effectors and second messengers discussed in class, devise a signaling pathway that QGF could use to lead to apoptosis of nerve cells. Give possible proteins or genes that need to be activated or inactivated.

D) Using effectors and second messengers discussed in class, devise a signaling pathway that QGF could use to induce cell division in the fibroblast cells? Give possible proteins or genes that need to be activated or inactivated.

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