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Which of the following is one of the reasons that public health is so concerned with influenza?

Question 8 options:

The Flu epidemic of 1917-18 killed so many people.

We have no drugs to treat influenza.

The numbers of people who get influenza tend to be more well off and able to fund research.

We have not yet developed any vaccines against influenza.

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Jarrod Robel
Jarrod RobelLv2
28 Sep 2019
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1. It is well documented that antibody affinities for an immunizing antigen continue to increase upon successive rounds of immunization (i.e., secondary, tertiary, etc.). This is due to the fact that:
A. At each round of immunization, new naive B cells are recruited into the response.
B. At each round of immunization, the expression of AID increases, leading to higher rates of somatic hypermutation.
C. Memory B cells express higher levels of AID than naive B cells, leading to higher rates of somatic hypermutation.
D. Memory B cells can re-enter germinal centers and undergo
additional somatic hypermutation.
E. At each round of immunization, germinal centers become larger
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2. The US Department of Health and Human Services has a stated goal for the seasonal influenza vaccine of vaccinating 80% of healthy (i.e., low-risk) individuals. This vaccine is formulated each year from the serotypes of influenza likely to be circulating in the population during the coming flu season. The reason this goal is not 100% of individuals is because:
A. It is not feasible to expect 100% of healthy individuals to get the flu vaccine every year.
B. Individuals who had the flu vaccine the year before will already be protected.
C. Individuals who are healthy need not be too concerned about getting infected with flu.
D. Healthy individuals are unlikely to spread the virus to others.
E. Unvaccinated individuals are protected when 80% of people
around them are vaccinated.

3. Most vaccines currently administered are delivered by intramuscular injection. Yet the pathogenic organisms these vaccines aim to protect against usually enter the body by a different route. For instance, many viruses infect us via the respiratory tract, and many bacterial pathogens infect via the gastrointestinal tract. One major advantage of delivering vaccines against these organisms via their normal route of infection would be:
A. That the vaccines would no longer require the incorporation of an adjuvant in their composition
B. That the vaccines would elicit IgA antibodies in addition to IgG antibodies
C. That the vaccines would no longer require several boosters to elicit protective responses
D. That the vaccines would be more stable and not require refrigeration
E. That the vaccines would be safer and have fewer side effects than
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In the discussion board this week we will examine the issue of howscience is presented to the public. It might seem a bit unrelatedto the content of the course this week, but I would like you tothink about your exposure to science before you enrolled in thisclass. Particularly the role the media plays in the understandingof science, be it the health issues, bioterrorism, or globalwarming. We will discuss these issues in the final few weeks of theclass. A past episode of ER highlighted a suspected case ofsmallpox. ER is one of many shows that the U.S. government used toget issues out to the American people. Consider a former CBS showcalled "The Agency" which portrayed CIA agents combating terroristplots or a current show “The Unit” which has a similar plot. Thegovernment provided enormous financial incentives to networks toinsert certain messages into the content of TV shows. Thisincentive program was somewhat hidden from the American public. Ourgovernment believed that messages inserted into television programsreached a broader audience than public service commercials.Meanwhile, the networks enjoy having more profit. Seems like awin-win situation. However, the program was dropped after it wasmade public in a Salon.com article a few years ago. Is theresomething disingenuous about government messages imbedded into TVscripts? Or do the ends justify the means? However, all incentivesare not gone. The Center for Disease Control offers annual $300,000grants available to nonprofit or government agencies to "fosterHollywood leadership support for national public health prioritieswhich include ... promoting accurate depictions of healthy livingat all stages of life." Some of you might have seen the ABC movieFatal Contact: Bird Flu in America, a couple of years ago. Clearly,television shows continue to portray real health threats in adramatic fashion. The question I would like you to consider iswhether these dramatic representations are the best way to educatethe public about health risks? Some sources to check out are:Primetime Propaganda:http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2000/01/13/drugs/ "The Quietdeath of Primetime Propaganda":http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v01/n1161/a01.html Use these sourcesas well as your own research to comment on this issue. What do youthink of this method of getting information to the public? Compareit to the information you can access from the CDC web(http://www.cdc.gov/) site concerning the flu and bio-terrorism.Which is the most effective way of informing the public? Which isthe most accurate? Can you think of a better method to inform thepublic about important health issues such as the flu vaccine orbio-terrorism? Another aspect of this topic that you might want toconsider is how the media shapes our view of health risks. We areexposed to hundreds of natural carcinogens every day yet thesewon't get near the news or media coverage that dumping of toxicchemicals Puget Sound by the paper industry or shipyards willreceive. You could even make the claim that the problem ofover-eating is the single greatest health risk today, yet McDonaldsis not viewed as an evil company the way industrial polluters ofPuget Sound might be portrayed in the media. Is this fair or moreimportantly is the media misleading us about the greatest healththreats in our society? Can you help me? I need in text citation aswell. Thank you!

1. Richard Dawkins interviews Randolph Nesse on evolutionary medicine (46 min):

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bAOhOhJr-gM

​Answer the following

1. Why should doctors understand natural selection?

2. What is "badly designed" about our forearms? Why?

3. Why do we all use the QWERTY keyboard? Is it the best arrangement of keys?

4. Why don't we "see" the blind spot in our field of view?

5. Is the body a machine? Why or why not?

6. What are the two different kinds of problems people bring to their doctors?

7. What would a life without pain be like? Why?

8. Why do we get fevers?

9. How does a lizard get a fever?

10. What is the "smoke detector principle"? Give an example.

11. How are our needs and motivations, shaped by natural selection, killing us now?

12. Why are our intestines all tangled up?

13. Why do so many people have back problems (in evolutionary terms)?

14. What paragraph is missing from every section of medical textbooks?

15. What are telomeres?

16. Why didn't natural selection

17. Are we designed (by natural selection) to be healthy and happy? Explain.

18. Why do we age?

19. If there weren't any aging, how long would we live?

20. How can a lethal gene increase in frequency?

21. Would life be great if we didn't have anxiety? Why or why not?

22. What are panic attacks (in evolutionary terms)?

23. "In a nutshell", what is Darwinian medicine?

24. Why hasn't natural selection made us better than we are? (4 reasons)

25. In what two ways do we misunderstand the body?

26. Why does natural selection "discriminate against men"? (I.e., Why do males tend to die sooner than females?)

27. ...Is #26 only a human phenomenon? Where else is this pattern seen?

28. What is a possible evolutionary explanation for menopause?

29. What has natural selection designed us for, health or reproduction?

30. From an evolutionary point of view, why is there so much suffering in life?

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