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1. Consider the following argument: All fish can swim. You are a fish. Therefore, you can swim. Which of the following best describes this argument?

A. It is valid but unsound.

B. It is valid and sound.

C. It is invalid and unsound.

D. It is inductively weak.

2. In a valid deductive argument: (circle the correct answer)

A. the premises must all be true.

B. it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false.

C. the premises must be false if the conclusion is false.

D. it is impossible for the premises and the conclusion to be false together.

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Lelia Lubowitz
Lelia LubowitzLv2
28 Sep 2019

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Related questions

Psychological Reasoning

Assess the following argument in terms of strength/cogency or valididity/soundness: "The ebb and flow of the tides has been occuring every day for millions of years. But nothing lasts forever. So, probably the motion of the tides will die out within a few years."

A. Valid, sound, B. Strong, cogent, C. Weak, not cogent, D. valid unsound, E. Invalid, Unsound, F. Strong, not cogent

Assess the following argument in terms of strength/cogency or valididity/soundness: "Constructing the great pyramid at Giza required lifting massive stne blocks to great heights. Therefore, probably the ancient Egyptians had some antigravity device to accomplish this feat."

A. Valid, sound, B. Strong, cogent, C. Weak, not cogent, D. valid unsound, E. Invalid, Unsound, F. Strong, not cogent

For example, consider the following argument:
"Measles can't be cured by antibiotics, since Measles is caused by a virus, and antibiotics can't cure a viral infection."

We can see that the argument contains the word "since," which is a premise indicator. We know that what follows "since" will be the premises. We also know, through the process of elimination, that what precedes the word "since" is the conclusion. So my standardized argument will look like this:

1) Measles is caused by a virus. 2) Antibiotics can't cure a viral infection. therefore, 3) Measles can't be cured by antibiotics.

Now we can see the relationship of support between the premises and conclusion. We are asked to accept the conclusion, "Measles can't be cured by antibiotics," based on the two supporting premises. Notice that all of the premises and the conclusion are statements, that is, complete sentences that are either true or false. Also, notice that the premise indicator "since" has been omitted. We always omit premises and conclusion indicators when putting arguments into standard form and make sure that the components of our argument are statements, that is, complete sentences that are either true or false.

For credit on this assignment, do the following:

1) Put the following arguments into standard form:

a) "All dogs are carnivores, consequently, Max is a carnivore, for the reason that Max is a dog."

b) "Rebecca does not pray at the mosque, for she is not a Muslim and only Muslims pray at the mosque."

c) "To every existing thing God wills some good. Hence, since to love any thing is nothing else than to will good to that thing, it is manifest that God loves everything that exists."

2) Create your own argument:

a) Construct an argument of your own using two different premise indicators and one conclusion indicator with the following conclusion: "Now, more than ever, everyone needs to take a class in logic."

b) Then put the argument into standard form.

4) Which of the following CAN be multicellular? (CIRCLE ALL THAT APPLY)

A. bacteria

B. archaea

C. fungi

D. helminths

E. protozoa

7) Robert Koch was a German biologist that formulated Koch’s postulates. Why was this important?

A. It outlined the existence of heat-resistant spores.

B. It developed a way science can link a disease to a causative microbe.

C. It developed guidelines for doctors to disinfect their hands before surgery.

D. It made microscopes powerful enough to see microbes.

E. It instructed dairy farmers on the process of pasteurization.

8) Carbohydrates are the most common macromolecule in the average cell. They also are a component of DNA and RNA.

A. Both statements are true.

B. Both statements are false.

C. The first statement is true, the second is false.

D. The first statement is false, the second is true.

11) The different kinds of amino acids are differentiated by their carboxyl groups. The sequence of the amino acids in a protein is called the primary structure.

A. Both statements are true.

B. Both statements are false.

C. The first statement is true, the second is false.

D. The first statement is false, the second is true.

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