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1. What are the unique characteristics of membrane lipids' fatty tails of Archaea and plants in comparison to those of animal cells?

2. If an animal cell membrane lipid has a phosphate group in its structure - does it mean it is a glycerophospholipid? Explain.

Please answer both questions.

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Lelia Lubowitz
Lelia LubowitzLv2
28 Sep 2019
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Related questions

Ether lipid levels are higher in tumors, but their specific function in cancer has remained unclear. We show here that the metabolic enzyme alkylglyceronephosphate synthase (AGPS), a critical step in the synthesis of ether lipids, is up-regulated across multiple types of aggressive human cancer cells and primary tumors. Inactivation of AGPS leads to significant impairments in cancer pathogenicity through not only lowering the levels of cellular ether lipids, but also by altering fatty acid, eicosanoid, and glycerophospholipid metabolism, resulting in an overall reduction in the levels of several oncogenic signaling lipids.

What does this mean?
Why is it significant?

1.You are working in a laboratory producing new antibiotics for human and veterinary use. One compound with potential value inhibits the action of prokaryotic ribosomes. The compound, however, was shown to inhibit the growth of animal cells in culture. What is one possible explanation for its effect on animal cells?

2. A research laboratory in pharmaceutical company is studying environmental factors that would inhibit the growth of Archaea. One question they have is if adding of antibiotic penicillin would be effective in controlling their growth. Explain to your best knowledge the probable results of an experiment in which penicillin is added to a culture of Archaea?

3. Most medically used antibiotics interfere with either peptidoglycan synthesis or ribosome function. Why do you think the cytoplasmic (cell) membrane would be a POOR target for antibacterial medications?

4.

Compare and describe the following Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell structure/functions:

a. General Characteristics:

b. Size:

c. Cell Division:

d. Structures:

e. Cell Membrane:

f. Nucleus:

g. Functions:

h. Transport:

QUESTION 1

Which of the following statements about the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane is false?

a.

It resists attachment of the bacterial chromosome to its inner surface.
b.

It contains a protein complex that drives ATP synthesis.
c.

It is asymmetric.
d.

It consists of relatively equal amounts of phospholipids and proteins.

1 points

QUESTION 2

Which of the following statements regarding Mycobacteria is false?

a.

The genome has relatively low Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C) content.
b.

The cytoplasmic membrane is surrounded by a polymer (peptidoglycan) consisting of alternating N-Acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-Acetylmuramic (NAM) acid units.
c.

It infects approximately one-third of the global human population.
d.

It has a Gram-positive cell wall with an additional waxy lipid layer of mycolic acid.

1 points

QUESTION 3

Which of the following outer membrane porins enables Mycobacteria to adapt to acidic and intracellular environments, and shows homology to outer membrane porin A?

a.

OmpATb.
b.

OmpA.
c.

MspA.
d.

Lipid A.

1 points

QUESTION 4

Based on your understanding of bacterial membranes, which of the following is not likely to be found in an E. coli outer membrane?

a.

Membrane-anchored enzymes.
b.

Mycolic acid.
c.

Lipopolysaccharide.
d.

Porin channels.

1 points

QUESTION 5

Based on the conclusions of this paper, which of the following statements would the author most likely disagree with?

a.

Some archaeon do not contain all of the genes essential for life.
b.

The membrane structures of prokaryotes show far greater diversity than those of eukaryotes.
c.

As demonstrated in this definitive report, scientists have a great understanding of the majority of basic functions and evolution of bacterial membranes.
d.

The outer membrane (and its associated components) of archaea, Gram-negative bacteria, and Gram-positive bacteria likely evolved independently of one another.

1 points

QUESTION 6

Which of the following is not true for Gram-negative, acid-fast, and archaeal membranes?

a.

They modify their lipid content in response to environmental changes.
b.

They have co-evolved the same outer membrane composition and structure.
c.

They all have a cytoplasmic membrane.
d.

Membrane transport proteins regulate nutrient uptake and waste removal.

1 points

QUESTION 7

Compared to Mycobacteria, Gram-negative bacterium contain:

a.

More mycolic acid.
b.

Pores of increased length.
c.

Less peptidoglycan.
d.

50-fold-lower numbers of porins.

1 points

QUESTION 8

Archaea are found to survive in strongly acidic lakes compared to bacteria and Eukaryotes. Which of the following supports this claim according to the study?

a.

The presence of L-glycerol ether linked lipids in Archaea membranes.
b.

The presence of D-glycerol ether linked lipids in Archaea membranes.
c.

The presence of L-glycerol ester linked peptidoglycans in Archaea membranes.
d.

The presence of L-glycerol ester linked lipids in Archaea membranes.

1 points

QUESTION 9

Based on your understanding of the symbiotic relationship between Nanoarchaeum equitans and Ignicoccus, which of the following below is not true?

a.

The membrane lipids of N. equitans are synthesized by Ignoccocus.
b.

In exchange for membrane lipids, N. equitans provide Ignicoccus with many essential cytoplasmic enzymes.
c.

N. equitans lack enzymes capable of catalyzing lipid biosynthesis.
d.

Intraperiplasmic vesicles produced by Ignicoccus allow for lipid transfer to N. equitans.

1 points

QUESTION 10

What is the role of hydrogen bonds in bacteria, as mentioned in the article?

a.

They mediate transmembrane electron flow.
b.

They mediate lipid biosynthesis.
c.

They help to stabilize the cytoplasmic membrane.
d.

They are responsible for the selective permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane.

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