Three loci are located on chromosome #5 in dogs. The FGF locus (alleles F and f) is at position 32, the HTT locus (alleles H and h) is at position 42, and the WFS locus (alleles W and w) is at position 72. Consider a dog with the genotype given below. If the level of interference over this linkage group is 0.33, what % of this dogâs gametes will be F H w? Genotype: f H w F h W A. 2% B. 4% C. 5% D. 10% E. 12%

OneClass: Three loci are located on chromosome #5 in dogs. The FGF locus (alleles F and f) is at posi...

In Drosophila, the map positions of genes are given in map units numbering from one end of a chromosome to the other. The X chromosome of Drosophila is 66 m.u.. long. The X-linked gene for body color-with two alleles, y ⁺for gray body and y for yellow body-resides at one end of the chromosome at map position 0.0. A nearby locus for eye color, with alleles w ⁺for red eye and w for white eye, is located at map position 1.5. A third X-linked gene, controlling bristle form, with f ⁺ for normal bristles and f for forked bristles, is located at map position 56.7. Each gene resides on the Xchromosome, and at each locus the wild-type allele is dominant over the mutant allele.

Predict the frequency of gray with white eyes and forked bristles progeny type produced by this mating.

Enter your answer as a percentage to three decimal places (example 0.235 or 0.230).

Frequency=_________

2.

Phenotype	Number
Pale	648
Pale, oval	64
Pale, short	10
Pale, oval, short	102
Oval	6
Oval, short	618
Short	84
Wild type	98
	1630

A wild-type trihybrid soybean plant is crossed to a pure-breeding soybean plant with the recessive phenotypes pale leaf l, oval seed (r), and short height (t). The results of the three-point test cross are shown in the table. Traits not listed are wild type.

Calculate the interference value for these data.

Enter your answer to three decimal places (example 0.201).

scarletbadger940

Need help with evolution questions:

1.) A haplotype is best defined as the ________________.

	haploid genotypes of all the gametes produced by a diploid individual

ABO blood type conferred by an individual gamete

genotype of either the paternal or maternal chromosomal complement

multilocus genotype of a chromosome or gamete

2.) Which of the following statements regarding linkage disequilibrium is true?

Exists when D is less than zero, but not when it is greater than zero.

Is reduced by sexual reproduction.

Is increased by crossing-over during meiosis.

Is increased by any random sampling error that happens to create or destroy certain chromosome genotypes but not others.

Is reduced by selection that favors certain combinations of genotypes.

3.) Selection on multilocus genotypes in random-mating populations leads to linkage disequilibrium when _______________.

it reduces mutation rates

it eliminates all haplotypes from the population

it prevents crossing-over during meiosis

some allele combinations confer greater fitness than do others

4.) When two loci are in linkage equilibrium, the allele carried on a chromosome at one locus is independent of the allele carried on the chromosome at another locus. When this is the case, _________________.

allele frequencies will not change over time

the two loci (or, more specifically, their protein products) do not interact

the frequency of each haplotype can be calculated by multiplying the frequency of its two alleles

all possible haplotypes occur at equal frequency

5.) Which of the following accurately characterize(s) Muller's ratchet model for the selective advantage of sexual reproduction?

Drift establishes linkage disequilibrium because multilocus genotypes with few mutations are eliminated by chance events.

In populations without sexual reproduction, deleterious mutations accumulate, eventually imposing such a burden that the population goes extinct.

Sex is favored selectively because it recreates the zero-mutation genotypes lost due to drift.

All of the above correctly characterize Muller's ratchet model for the evolution of sexual reproduction.

6.) The genetic signature of recent positive selection on a locus is _______________.

high frequency and low linkage disequilibrium

low frequency and low linkage disequilibrium

low frequency and high linkage disequilibrium

high frequency and high linkage disequilibrium

7.) Sexual reproduction is advantageous both in changing environments and in constant environments, compared to asexual reproduction.

True

False

8.) Sexual reproduction causes genetic recombination via crossing-over, which combines genotypes from different parents.

True

False

9.) One reason sex may be maintained in natural populations is proposed by the "Red Queen Hypothesis", which states that.....

genotypes created by sex are created by natural selection over and over

recombination creating novel genotypes that can resist infection by parasites

mutation load is reduced by novel adaptive mutations

the ability of sex to fix multiple

NEED HELP PLEASE. CAN YOU PLEASE DO IT ALL NOT JUST ANSWER ONE.

MY ANIMALS ARE: HUMAN, KANGAROO, RHESUS MONKEY, BULLFROG, LAMPREY, SNAPPING TURTLE, TUNA, AND EARTHWORM

Step 3: Cytochrome c Analysis

Scientists have found that almost all living organisms have a gene that codes for a protein called Cytochrome c. This chart lists the amino acids found in the Cytochrome c protein of some of the organisms on your cladogram.

Note: not all the organisms you used will be in the chart; as such, you can focus this analysis on the animals that are in the chart. If you only chose three animals that are in the chart, you should probably extend your amino acid analysis to include a couple animals that arenât on your cladogram.

You will use the data provided in this chart to compare and analyze the amino acid sequences for Cytochrome c among these organisms. Be sure that your comparison considers the entire amino acid sequence, through amino acid 112, and not just the first lines of the chart. Once you have compared the sequences, you will write a discussion about your findings.

Amino Acid Sequences in Cytochome-C Proteins

1-30

Amino Acid Position Number

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

Human, Chimpanzee

-

G

D

V

E

K

G

K

I

F

I

M

K

C

S

Q

C

H

T

V

E

K

Rhesus Monkey

-

G

D

V

E

K

G

K

I

F

I

M

K

C

S

Q

C

H

T

V

E

K

Horse

-

G

D

V

E

K

G

K

I

F

V

Q

K

C

A

Q

C

H

T

V

E

K

Pig, Cow, Sheep

-

G

D

V

E

K

G

K

I

F

V

Q

K

C

A

Q

C

H

T

V

E

K

Dog

-

G

D

V

E

K

G

K

I

F

V

Q

K

C

A

Q

C

H

T

V

E

K

Gray Whale

-

G

D

V

E

K

G

K

I

F

V

Q

K

C

A

Q

C

H

T

V

E

K

Rabbit

-

G

D

V

E

K

G

K

I

F

V

Q

K

C

A

Q

C

H

T

V

E

K

Kangaroo

-

G

D

V

E

K

G

K

I

F

V

Q

K

C

A

Q

C

H

T

V

E

K

Penguin

-

G

D

I

E

K

G

K

I

F

V

Q

K

C

S

O

C

H

T

V

E

K

Snapping Turtle

-

G

D

V

E

K

G

K

I

F

V

Q

K

C

A

Q

C

H

T

V

E

K

Bullfrog

-

G

D

V

E

K

G

K

I

F

V

Q

K

C

A

Q

C

H

T

C

E

K

Tuna

-

G

D

V

A

K

G

K

T

F

V

Q

K

C

A

Q

C

H

T

V

E

N

31-60

Amino Acid Position Number

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

Human, Chimpanzee

G

K

H

K

T

G

P

N

L

H

G

L

F

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

P

G

Y

S

Y

T

A

N

Rhesus Monkey

G

K

H

K

T

G

P

N

L

H

G

L

F

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

P

G

Y

S

Y

T

A

N

Horse

G

K

H

K

T

G

P

N

L

H

G

L

F

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

P

G

F

T

Y

T

D

A

N

Pig, Cow, Sheep

G

K

H

K

T

G

P

N

L

H

G

L

F

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

P

G

F

S

Y

T

D

A

N

Dog

G

K

H

K

T

G

P

N

L

H

G

L

F

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

P

G

F

S

Y

T

D

A

N

Gray Whale

G

K

H

K

T

G

P

N

L

H

G

L

F

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

V

G

F

S

Y

T

D

A

N

Rabbit

G

K

H

K

T

G

P

N

L

H

G

L

F

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

V

G

F

S

Y

T

D

A

N

Kangaroo

G

K

H

K

T

G

P

N

L

N

G

I

F

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

P

G

F

T

Y

T

D

A

N

Penguin

G

K

H

K

T

G

P

N

L

H

G

I

F

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

E

G

F

S

Y

T

D

A

N

Snapping Turtle

G

K

H

K

T

G

P

N

L

N

G

L

I

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

E

G

F

S

Y

T

E

A

N

Rattlesnake

G

K

H

K

T

G

P

N

L

H

G

L

F

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

V

G

Y

S

Y

T

A

N

Bullfrog

G

K

H

K

V

G

P

N

L

Y

G

L

I

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

G

F

S

Y

T

D

A

N

Tuna

G

K

H

K

V

G

P

N

L

W

G

L

F

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

E

G

Y

S

Y

T

D

A

N

61-90

Amino Acid Position Number

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

38

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

Human, Chimpanzee

K

N

K

G

I

W

G

E

D

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

I

F

Rhesus Monkey

K

N

K

G

I

T

W

G

E

D

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

I

F

Horse

K

N

K

G

I

T

W

K

E

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

I

F

Pig, Cow, Sheep

K

N

K

G

I

T

W

G

E

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

I

F

Dog

K

N

K

G

I

T

W

G

E

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

I

F

Gray Whale

K

N

K

G

I

T

W

G

E

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

I

F

Rabbit

K

N

K

G

I

T

W

G

E

D

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

I

F

Kangaroo

K

N

K

G

I

W

G

E

D

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

I

F

Penguin

K

N

K

G

I

T

W

G

E

D

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

I

F

Snapping Turtle

K

N

K

G

I

T

W

G

E

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

I

F

Rattlesnake

K

N

K

G

I

W

G

D

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

V

F

Bullfrog

K

N

K

G

I

T

W

G

E

D

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

I

F

Tuna

K

S

K

G

I

V

W

N

D

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

I

F

91-112

Amino Acid Position Number

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

Human, Chimpanzee

V

G

I

K

E

R

A

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

A

T

N

E

Rhesus Monkey

V

G

I

K

E

R

A

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

A

T

N

E

Horse

A

G

I

K

T

E

R

E

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

A

T

N

E

Common Zebra

A

G

I

K

T

E

R

E

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

A

T

N

E

Pig, Cow, Sheep

A

G

I

K

G

E

R

E

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

A

T

N

E

Dog

A

G

I

K

T

G

E

R

A

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

A

T

K

E

Gray Whale

A

G

I

K

G

E

R

A

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

A

T

N

E

Rabbit

A

G

I

K

D

E

R

A

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

A

T

N

E

Kangaroo

A

G

I

K

G

E

R

A

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

A

T

N

E

Penguin

A

G

I

K

S

E

R

A

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

D

A

T

S

K

Snapping Turtle

A

G

I

K

A

E

R

A

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

D

A

T

S

K

Rattlesnake

T

G

L

K

E

R

T

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

E

A

T

A

K

Bullfrog

A

G

I

K

G

E

R

Q

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

S

A

C

S

K

Tuna

A

G

I

K

G

E

R

Q

D

L

V

A

Y

L

K

S

A

T

S

-

More information:

Cytochrome c is a protein used in cellular respiration by most eukaryotes, which is why it's a very common protein to use for comparisons. You don't need to know anything about cellular respiration or the protein itself to do this analysis; just remember that a protein is a specific chain of amino acids.

Which amino acids are found, and the order in which they're found (their sequence), determine the shape, structure, and function of the protein. Also remember that an amino acid sequence is directly determined by the DNA sequence, so similarities in one also indicate similarities in the other.

Please note that the entire sequence of 112 amino acids represents one protein, and this sequence data is all one chart, not four. As such, your analysis should consider the sequence as a whole, and not amino acids 1 â 30, then amino acids 31 â 60, etc.

Be careful not to read too much into the differences you find. Since this analysis only looks at one protein, you will not be able to connect differences here to specific differences in traits between organisms. In other words, it might be that all animals with a placenta have a âVâ at a particular location, while animals without a placenta have either a âCâ or a âK.â That similarity helps us confirm that those animals with a placenta are more closely related to each other than to the others, but the âVâ does not code for the placenta, nor is it related to that particular trait at all.

How to Analyze the Data

While you analyze the data that you are given to identify similarities and differences, be sure to use specific data to draw your comparisons, hypotheses, and discussions from. It is especially helpful to quantitatively compare data. A good way to do this, or at least to start, is to pick one species as a starting point or âbaselineâ and then compare the amount of differences between that and each other species. Be careful, though, about the conclusions you draw â if species B and C each have 5 differences from species A, then they could have anywhere from 0 to 10 differences with each other!

Once youâve compared each animal to a baseline animal, you should also compare other pairs of species so that you can discuss their specific relationships. If you only have a few animals with data to analyze in part C, you could simply make this comparison for every pair. If you have 6 or 7 animals, then you could pick just a few pairs to compare.

There are other legitimate ways to form quantitative data â for instance, you could focus on specific locations where most animals have the same amino acid, but some are different. These types of analysis tend to be harder to interpret, though. If you choose to use them, I suggest that you still complete at least some of the above types of analysis as well.

The discussion topics that I'm looking for are:

Use the chart to compare the amino acid sequences for the organisms. Do this in a way that lets you obtain quantitative (numerical) data; see above for suggestions.

Hypothesize about how closely related the different organisms are, based on the amino acid data in the chart.

In particular, focus on organisms that are also found on your phylogenetic tree, but you may choose to discuss others, too. That would be especially helpful if you used only three or four of the organisms that are also in the chart, or if one or more organisms that you did not include in your tree jump out at you as being especially similar or especially different from the ones you did include.

This does not need to be in the form of a formal hypothesis; that is, you do not need to put this in âif/then/becauseâ form.

Because âhow closely relatedâ can be interpreted in many ways, itâs often helpful to put this in relative terms: âAnimal D is the closest relative to Animal A.â âAnimals C and B are more closely related to each other than either one is to Animal D.â

Discuss how this analysis compares to the relationships that were shown on your phylogenetic tree.

To start, does the Cytochrome c data agree or disagree with the relationships shown on the tree?

Remember that "discuss" means more than simply identifying whether the relationships are the same or different as what is shown. You can also suggest why they're likely the same, or what possible differences could imply, if anything. See the note at the end of âMore Informationâ above â donât read TOO MUCH into any one piece of data!

If your amino acid analysis included animals that werenât on your cladogram, you could use your amino acid data to speculate where they likely âfitâ on the cladogram.

The phrase âcommon ancestorâ should show up somewhere in this discussion.

Please be aware that Step 3 should be written as a short essay, not a list or set of questions and answers. You may include a chart or table for the quantitative data you identified, but the key findings should also be written in sentence form. Once youâve finished writing this, please proofread for spelling, grammar, and writing clarity.

Step 3 should be a sizeable portion of this portfolio. I expect that your analysis should be about 250 â 400 words long in order to thoroughly analyze the data and discuss the questions.

ambermuskrat111

Unlock all answers

Related textbook solutions

Molecular Cell Biology

Biology: Science for Life with Physiology

Concepts of Biology

Biology

Essentials of Biology

Related questions

Weekly leaderboard