The baroreceptors are responsible for detecting and respondingto changes in mean arterial pressure. Diagram the responses of thebaroreceptor reflex to an acute andchronic increase in mean arterial pressure.(4 points)

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Nelly StrackeLv2

28 Sep 2019

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c) How going from laying to standing affects arterial blood pressure in the head region?

When we are laying down the Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) is at the same level of the heart which is about 100 mm Hg. When we try to stand up from the lying position, our head is placed above our heart and gravity starts to pull the blood back downwards to our heart and feet. Return of venous blood is reduced and this leads to a decrease in cardiac stroke volume and decline in mean arterial pressure which is reduced to 60-70 mm Hg. This decreases the flow of blood to head. In response to this reduction in arterial blood pressure in the brain, parasympathetic nervous system is withdrawn and sympathetic nervous system is activated to pump more blood to head region via increased heart rates.

d) How the baroreceptors reflex explains the higher HRs during standing

When a person stands up, baroreceptor reflexes are rapidly activated to restore arterial pressure so that mean arterial pressure normally is not reduced by more than a few mmHg when a person is standing compared to lying down. However, in order to maintain this normal mean arterial pressure, the person who is standing upright has increased systemic vascular resistance (sympathetic mediated), decreased venous compliance (due to sympathetic activation of veins), decreased stroke volume (due to decreased preload), and increased heart rate (baroreceptor-mediated tachycardia).

Encircle the correct word in the parenthesis about ECG.

Changing from supine to seated position and during inhalation increases heart rate, which is seen as a/n (increase/decrease) in the time interval between adjacent R-waves in the ECG. This is a result of (increase/decrease) in venous return which in turn will (increase/decrease) cardiac output and (increase/decrease) arterial blood pressure. This change in arterial BP will be sensed by baroreceptors. Baroreceptors will (increase/decrease) its firing rate to the medulla oblongata. The medulla oblongata will then (inhibit/stimulate) the SA nose which results in an (increase/decrease) in heart rate. This is a (sympathetic/parasympahthetic) effect to the heart.

1. Considera normal individual who quickly goes from a supine posture to anerect one. Predict the changes (increase/decrease/no change) thatwill occur in the following cardiovascular parameters.Choose 2 (two) and give a complete reason for youranswer. Citations are not required, but may be instrumental formaking your case with your answer. (4 points, 2 point foreach. Be complete in your explanation)

a. Stroke Volume(increase/decrease/no change) - Why?

b. Heart Rate(increase/decrease/no change) - Why?

c. Cardiac Output(increase/decrease/no change) - Why?

d. Total PeripheralResistance (increase/decrease/no change) - Why?

e. Pressure at theroot (beginning) of the aorta (increase/decrease/no change) -Why?

f. Arterial pressurein foot (increase/decrease/no change) - Why?

g. Capillary pressurein foot (increase/decrease/no change) - Why?

h. Arterial pressurein cerebral blood vessels (increase/decrease/no change) - Why?