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1. What’s a reason why a 4 nucleotide codon system could be a disadvantage for a cell?

2. Describe how strong and weak bonds are involved in the process of DNA replication, addressing the role of at least two examples of each type of bond.

3. Both polypeptides and polynucleotides are unstable, and are spontaneously hydrolyzed in aqueous solution. How does the cell ensure that proteins and nucleic acids are nevertheless maintained in their polymerized state?

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Hubert Koch
Hubert KochLv2
29 Sep 2019

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Related questions

Describe how strong and weak bonds are involved in the process of DNA replication, addressing the role of at least two examples of each type of bond.

1. Use the following definitions and phrases to describe to which molecules of life and their subunits it belongs:

a. Energy-storing molecule, typically water soluble - b. Subunits are called monosaccharides – c. Used to speed chemical reactions - d. Subunits are joined to each other with peptide bonds - e. Most prevalent molecule in cell membranes - f. Some of them function as hormones - g. Used for storing, transmitting, and executing genetic information - h. Subunits are nucleotides

2. Weak hydrogen bonds between water molecules are responsible for the many properties of water. Acidity is expressed as pH. Buffers stabilize pH. a. What characteristics of water molecule makes it polar? Provide two examples why this property is important in microbiology. b. What is the role of buffers in living organisms, including microbes? c. What must be added to pure water to decrease OH- and/or H+ concentration, respectively

3. Carbohydrates serve as storage molecules and structural material. Lipids are hydrophobic molecules; phospholipids are main component of cell membranes. Protein has a complex structure based on identity and sequence of amino acids. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are genetic station of storage information and for synthesis of proteins. ATP serve as the main energy source in the living cell. a. Name the subunits (building blocks) of carbs, simple lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids b. What level of protein structure is described as an alpha helix? c. If DNA is placed in boiling water, what and how the molecule would change?

37.The major function of the cell wall is

(A) to facilitate cell divison (B) to serve as a diffusion barrier

(C) to allow for bacterial motility (D) to provide rigid support and prevent lysis

(E) to serve as an anchor for proteins

38.Penicillin and vancomycin prevent cross-bridge formation between

(A) diaminopimelic acid and D-glutamic acid (B) L-alanine and D-alanine

(C) diaminopimelic acid and D-alanine (D) diaminopimelic acid and L-alanine

(E) D-glutamic acid and D-alanine

39.An outer membrane is found in

(A) all cells (B) all prokaryotes

(C) all bacteria (D) all Gram-negative bacteria

(E) all Gram-positive bacteria

40.The complex of DNA polymerase with its accessory components is called

(A) nucleoid (B) nucleus

(C) origin of replication (D) replisome

(E) setpum

41.Which of the following is the bacterial homolog of tubulin?

(A) FtsZ (B) MreB

(C) CreS (D) MamK

(E) MinD

42.Which of the following is an actin homolog that helps maintain cell shape?

(A) FtsZ (B) MreB

(C) CreS (D) MamK

(E) MinD

43.Which of the following is least involved in photosynthesis?

(A) phycobilisomes (B) thylakoids

(C) carboxysomes (D) chlorophyll

(E) stalks

44.Capsule is composed of

(A) nucleic acids (B) lipoproteins

(C) cardiolipin (D) polysaccharides

(E) murein

45.Pili and fimbriae are composed of

(A) nucleic acids (B) lipopolysaccharides

(C) murein (D) polysaccharides

(E) amino acids

46.Which of the following subcellular structures is involved in adherence?

(A) gas vesicles (B) storage granules

(C) pili (D) thylakoids

(E) phycobilisomes

47.As temperatures drop, membrane fluidity decreases. Which of the following changes to phospholipids will help maintain correct bacterial membrane fluidity under cold temperatures?

(A) Formation of lipid monolayer.

(B) An increase in the length of the fatty acid tails.

(C) An increase in unsaturated fatty acids.

(D) An increase in saturated fatty acids.

(E) A switch from ester linkages between fatty acids and glycerol to ether linkages.

48.Which of the following statements regarding chemotaxis is true?

(A) Attractants cause counterclockwise rotation of the flagella that makes the cells tumble

(B) Attractants cause clockwise rotation of the flagella that makes the cells run

(C) Attractants cause counterclockwise rotation of the flagella that makes the cells run

(D) Attractants cause clockwise rotation of the flagella that makes the cells tumble

(E) None of the above is true.

49.With 5 g of NaCl available, how much water is needed to make a solution at a concentration of 10 mg/mL?

(A) 0.5 mL (B) 5 mL

(C) 50 mL (D) 500 mL

(E) 5 L

50.How much of 1 M glucose stock solution is needed to make a 500-mL solution containing 25 mM glucose?

(A) 12.5 μL (B) 125 μL

(C) 12.5 mL (D) 125 mL

(E) 1.25 L

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