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lavendersnake631Lv1

29 Sep 2019

1-What diseases were likely common among early humans?

2-What factors can influence the spread of a disease?

3-How do we know what the environment was like during human evolution?

4-When and where did modern humans evolve? When did they colonize the rest of the world?

5-What are characteristics of anatomically modern humans?

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Bunny GreenfelderLv2

29 Sep 2019

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3. Some Caminalcules went extinct without leaving descendents. In the real world, what intrinsic factors (i.e., related to an organismâs basic reproductive biology, population biology, ecological niche, etc.) or extrinsic factors (e.g., ecological/environmental factors) might increase or decrease the probability of a species going extinct? PLEASE DO NOT REFER TO HUMAN-CAUSED EXTINCTIONS IN YOUR ANSWER.

4. Find two additional examples of convergent evolution among the modern-day Caminalcules. This means finding cases where two or more species have a similar characteristic that evolved

independently in each lineage. The wing of bats, birds and bees is an example of

convergence since the three groups did not inherit the characteristic from their common

ancestor. Write your answers in complete sentences (e.g.,âSpecies x and y both have ____

but their most recent common ancestor, z, did notâ). List two additional real-world examples

of convergent evolution (ones that we have not already talked about in class) and discuss

what might have caused the convergence.

5. a. Describe two examples of vestigial structures that you can find among the

Caminalcules. These are structures that have been reduced to the point that they are

virtually useless. Ear muscles and the tailbones are examples of vestigial structures in our

own species.

b. Explain how vestigial structures provide clues about a speciesâ evolutionary past.

Illustrate your argument with vestigial structures found in humans or other real species.

Kindly answer question 3 to 5 thank you.

apricotmallard604

Read the following passage focusing your attention on the scientific procedures and scientific abilities illustrated in it. Think about what types of experiments (observation, testing or application) are described. Identify the hypothesis, predictions, outcomes of experiments and assumptions that appear in the passage. The standard explanation of how humans originally acquired AIDS is that HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) originally was transmitted to humans from monkeys or apes carrying SIV, simian immunodeficiency virus. How could the transmission have occurred? Several similar hypotheses involve an African hunter coming in contact with monkey blood. For example this could have occurred when a hunter butchering a monkey, got some of its blood in a cut, or when a human ate undercooked monkey meat, or when a monkey bit a human. Depending on one's assessment of the genetic diversity of HIV over time, this transmission might have occurred only a few decades ago or, alternatively, hundreds or thousands of years ago. If the latter is correct then AIDS could have been restricted to remote African villages until recent decades when trade and international travel led to the current pandemic. There are however other alternative explanations for the spread of AIDS. One of them is that AIDS arose from contaminated polio vaccines used in Africa from 1957-59. Why is this a plausible explanation? Polio vaccines are cultured on apesâ kidneys, so contamination of a batch of vaccine by an SIV is a possibility. There is a precedent: in the 1950s and early 1960s millions of doses of polio vaccine were contaminated by another simian virus, SV-40. The vaccine alleged to be the origin of AIDS was given to hundreds of thousands of people in central and west Africa from 1957-1959. These locations later had some of the world's highest levels of HIV infection. The timing is also right, since the earliest known cases of AIDS date from the 1960s; the earliest HIV-positive blood sample was collected in Kinshasa in 1959. At the time, there was no way of testing for the presence of SIVs, which were only discovered in the 1980s. Another factor adds plausibility to the theory: the vaccine was given to many infants less than a month old, in an extra high dose. Since the immune systems of infants are not fully developed, this is an excellent way to help a virus jump the species barrier. Some scientists argue that the above explanation is not necessarily correct but that it is worth taking seriously. There are a number of ways to test it. One is to analyze stocks of polio vaccine; if the explanation is correct, then it is probable that some of the vaccines will carry SIV. Another is to scrutinize records of early polio vaccination campaigns in Africa. If it is true that the immunodeficiency virus passed to humans by way of those vaccines, the areas where the campaigns took place would be the same as those where the initial sprouts of the disease occurred and where the larger number of cases occurred during the early stages of the pandemic. Another is to analyze blood samples in Africa from the 1950s and earlier (pre polio vaccination): if the immunodeficiency virus was transmitted via the polio vaccine, HIV should not be found. Adapted from âPolitical refutation of a scientific theory: the case of polio vaccines and the origin of AIDSâ. Brian Martin, published in Health Care Analysis, Vol. 6, 1998, pp. 175-179. Now reread the passage and answer the following questions.

5. For each experiment, write an outcome that would disprove the hypothesis of AIDS passing from monkeys to humans through polio vaccines.

6. What outcomes of the experiments would fail to disprove the hypothesis of AIDS passing from monkeys to humans through polio vaccines?explain.

7.What outcomes would prove the hypothesis? Hint: This is not the same as question 6. Think about what would you need to do to 100% prove a hypothesis.

8. For what reasons do scientists need to conduct testing experiments?

ochrejackal75

What is one type of information that can be gathered by archeologists who are studying dental caries (cavities) of ancient populations?

The types of tools used for planting/harvesting grains

How many children the person had

How many conflicts they have been part of

The time of year the person died

The type of plants they may have been consuming

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What is the difference between genetically-modified and transgenic crops?

Transgenic crops are a type of genetically-modified crops, in which scientists have inserted genes from another species.

Transgenic crops are illegal, while genetically-modified crops are not.

Genetically-modified crops are produced using modern techniques, while transgenic crops are produced through classical breeding.

They are the same.

Genetically-modified crops are a type of transgenic crop specifically bred for high yield.

---------------

Vavilov hypothesized that in a crop plant's area of origin we should expect:

Lower genetic diversity than in areas outside of the plant's area of origin.

Greater genetic diversity than in areas outside of the plant's area of origin.

Greater diversity for trans-domesticated species, but lower diversity for species domesticated in their area of origin.

Greater herbivore damage because of increased genetic diversity.

Lower diversity for trans-domesticated species, but greater diversity for species domesticated in their area of origin.

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In what way did Harlanâs theory give rise to Diamondâs theory?

It recognized that agricultural societies were healthier and better fed than hunter-gatherer societies.

It recognized agriculture might have developed by different mechanisms in different parts of the world.

It is a basic case of scientific plagiarism - Diamonds theory is identical to Harlans theory.

It recognized the reason agriculture did not develop in certain parts of the world was because people lacked the intelligence or skill.

Both make the assumption that hunter-gatherers were (and still are) superior to agriculturists.

-----------

What is the difference between classically bred varieties and landraces?

Landraces are grown in dry conditions; classically bred crops are wetland species

Landraces cannot be harvested using domesticated animals; classically bred crops can be harvested using domesticated animals.

Landraces are often (though not always) developed by unintentional processes; classically bred crops are developed by intentionally breeding for desired traits using modern techniques

Landraces are not edible by humans; classical bred crops can be eaten

Landraces have no means of seed dispersal; classically bred crops can readily disperse their seeds

----------------

The inability of plants to move makes it difficult for them to:

Defend themselves.

Disperse seeds.

Create oxygen.

Disperse seeds, defend themselves, and create oxygen.

Disperse seeds and defend themselves.

------------

Norman Borlaug won the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize for:

Producing the first transgenic plant.

His discovery that plant secondary metabolites play a role in defending plants from insects and diseases.

His work to create improved, high yield crop varieties that helped to prevent starvation.

Creating the FlavrSavr tomato.

His discovery of the area of origin for maize.

----------------

If a plant can grow well all by itself in the wild, yet still retains desirable agronomic traits, the plant is ____________________.

---------------

In discussing the origin of agriculture, the term demographic stress refers to:

A higher incidence of religious practice in societies following the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture.

Lower productivity of un-cultivated plants due to late-Pleistocene cooling.

Hobbes's assertion that hunter-gatherer groups did not posses the knowledge or skills to develop agriculture.

The situation where human populations are greater than the carrying capacity of the environment.

That the stresses on pre-domesticated plant species led to the development of traits that result in the "domestication syndromeâ

------------------

The repeated domestication of grasses (i.e., cereals) and legumes across the globe is likely because:

Human populations were often starving, and needed an additional food source

Only grasses, not legumes, were repeatedly domesticated

Both contain almost all of the amino acids our bodies need to build proteins.

Early technologies allowed early agriculturalists the ability to communicate with each other over long distances to discuss what plants were best for domestication.

Both already possessed all of the traits needed for domestication

-----------------------

Which of the following best demonstrates evolution?

A houseplant is moved to a sunnier location and it starts to grow more vigorously.

Your pet walks to the door when it hears your car in the driveway.

A giraffe with a longer neck survives a drought year, while one with a shorter neck does not.

Over time, a gene for disease resistance becomes more frequent in a population of plants.

A crop has a higher yield after fertilizer is added.

--------------------------

Which of the following types of agriculture can be practiced in an urban setting?

Community gardens

Alternative farms (crickets, caterpillars, other arthropods)

All of these types of agriculture can be practiced in an urban setting

Vertical farms

CSA farms

----------------------------

______________________ compounds are produced by plants, but are not necessary for the plant's immediate survival. However, they often help protect plants from being eaten.

-----------------------------

Brussel sprouts, cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower are all different varieties of the same species, Brassica oleracea. This group of plants demonstrates that crop breeding can lead to:

High within variety and low between variety diversity

Low within variety and high between variety diversity

Low within variety diversity

High between variety diversity

High within variety and high between variety diversity