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Read the article "About E. coliâ and discuss how can E. coli bacteria cause disease when they are part of our normal microbiota. What are the differences between pathogenic E. coli and non-pathogenic E. coli? Can we destroy pathogenic E. coli bacteria that infects our bodies without disrupting our normal microbiota? http://www.about-ecoli.com/

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Deanna HettingerLv2

19 Dec 2018

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Q2. What is the consequence of chromosome inversion on meiosis? (work on a zygote with one normal chromosome and one chromosome with an inversion)

Q3. Search the web or read the textbook. Find a disease that is caused by translocation. What kind of translocation causes the disease?

Q4. Briefly explain how downâs syndrome or other trisomy is generated (3 sentences should be enough for you to explain this clearly)

Q5. I mutated a culture of wild type E. coli cells and wanted to isolate mutants that are unable to synthesize uracil (a nitrogen base in RNA). How can I achieve my goal? (try to finish your answer in 2-3 sentences)

Q6. For the ura- mutant isolated in Q5, I want to convert it to URA+ by transformation. Please tell me how I can achive this transformation with 3 SIMPLE sentences

Q7. What is the difference and relationship between an Hfr cell and an F+ cell?

Q8. I want to set up a mating between an Hfr strain and an F- (ade- his- bio-) strain and detect bio+ recombinant. Please design the experiment for me. (What genotype for Hfr do you need to choose? How will you select your recombinant? etc).

Q9. I want to use phage T2 to transducer the wild type ADE2 gene from the wild type E. coli strain to an ade2- E. coli mutant. How can I do this experimentally? (please briefly describe the approach, not experimental details such as incubation for 10 min, etc).

Q10. We talked about recombination in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Are there any differences in these two recombination ? (what are they if there are?)

Q11. Whose (or what) experiment proves that DNA is the genetic material?

Q12. What knowledge did Watson and Crick use in constructing the DNA model?

Q13. How does the double helix model support the three major functions of genetic materials?

Q14. What is the major chemical force that holds DNA and histone together? Hydrogen bonds

Q15. If I label E. coli cells in an N15 medium overnight and chase cells in an N14 medium for 2 generations, what fraction of cells still carry the N15 label?

Q16. If a 1000 kilobase fragment of DNA has five evenly spaced replication origins and DNA polymerase moves at 1 kilobase per second, how many seconds will a cell take to produce two daughter molecules?

Q17. DNA polymerases catalyze the polymerization of nucleotides. Use the formula for enzyme catalyzed reaction (see the example) to describe DNA polymerases. Example: Enzyme Substrate A + substrate B -------------------ï product c + product D Q8. During DNA replication, what is the direction of the growing strand?

Q18. For DNA synthesis in cells, why are there a leading strand and a lagging strand?

Q19. The following is the DNA sequence of a template strand. If the primase begins to synthesize primers from the middle âgâ, what will the primer sequence be? (assuming the primer can be 8 nucleotides long) 5â GACTCTAgGACTCCT 3â

Q20. Both DNA polymerase I and DNA polymerase III synthesize DNA during DNA replication. Please state the different roles they played during DNA replication.

sangriawallaby972

Highlight or bold the answer you select for multiple choice or type in your answer in the blank space provided.

1. Which of the following is not true of the nervous system?

Consists of central and peripheral systems

(b) Central nervous system is composed of brain and spinal cord

(d) Meninges are membranes that cover brain and spinal cord

(e) Normally free of microbes

2. Which of the following is a common cause of meningitis in nonimmunized young children?

(a) Streptococcus pneumoniae

(b) Escherichia coli

(d) Haemophilus influenzae

(e) None of the above

3. A complication of infection with this organism (Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome) can occur if the organism becomes widely distributed in the body, leading to endotoxin shock and death. The organism is:

(a) Haemophilus influenzae type A

(b) Neisseria meningitidis

(d) Streptococcus pneumoniae

(e) Listeria monocytogenes

4. Which of the following bacterial meningitis diseases currently is the most common type in the U.S., with increased incidences in infants and in the 15- to 24-year-old age group, and has three types or strains of the infectious microbe?

(a) Haemophilus meningitis

(b) Listeriosis

(d) Meningococcal meningitis

(e) a and c

5. Before development of a vaccine against this microbe, the disease it caused accounted for two-thirds of bacterial meningitis cases during the first year of life but is still the number one leading cause of mental retardation in patients who survive serious disease due to permanent central nervous system disorders. What is the microorganism?

(a) Haemophilus influenzae type B

(b) Haemophilus influenzae type A

(d) Streptococcus pneumoniae

(e) Listeria monocytogenes

6. Which of the following bacteria that may cause meningitis is Gram-positive and therefore does not cause endotoxin shock in infected individuals?

(a) Escherichia coli

(b) Neisseria meningitidis

(d) Haemophilus influenzae type B

(e) None of these

7. Avid swimmers and hot tub enthusiasts sometimes acquire an opportunistic infection caused by Naegleria fowleri that results in a meningoencephalitis. This organism is a (an):

(a) Protist

(b) Helminth

(d) Amoeba

(e) a and d

8. Which of the following in NOT true about listeriosis?

(a) Foodborne transmission is the most common source of infection.

(b) It is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis today.

(d) It is sometimes acquired as a zoonosis.

(e) Individuals with impaired immune systems are highly susceptible to this disease.

9. Viral meningitis is usually always fatal if untreated, unlike bacterial meningitis, which is always self-limiting and nonfatal. True or false?

10. Which of the following is acid-fast and causes Hansen's disease?

(a) Mycobacterium tuberculosis

(b) Clostridium tetani

(d) Haemophilus influenzae

(e) Mycobacterium leprae

11. An immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) has replaced the older test for the presence of inclusions in neurons (Negri bodies) for the detection of infections caused by:

(a) Neisseria meningitidis

(b) Enteroviruses

(d) Rabies virus

(e) Haemophilus influenza

12. The viruses that cause encephalitis are most likely to be:

(a) Togaviruses

(b) Enteroviruses

(d) Rabies virus

(e) Hepatitis viruses

13. What do the following viral encephalitis diseases have in common: eastern equine encephalitis, western equine encephalitis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, West Nile fever?

(a) They are all caused by the same virus.

(b) They are have the horse as a common intermediate host.

(d) Birds are never involved in the life cycle of the viruses that cause these diseases.

(e) Both a and d.

14. The only bacterium known to damage peripheral nerves is:

(a) Naegleria fowleri

(b) Mycobacterium leprae

(d) Neisseria meningitidis

(e) Haemophilus influenzae

15. All of the following are true about Clostridium tetani, the causative agent of tetanus, EXCEPT:

(a) They are spore-forming rods.

(b) They are part of the normal bowel microflora of horses, cattle, and humans.

(d) Their toxin elicits muscle stiffness, spasms, and paralysis in the victim.

(e) They require oxygen to survive.

16. A vaccine that was developed in 1933 has proven effective in reducing the incidence of disease caused by:

(a) Clostridium botulinum

(b) Mycobacterium leprae

(d) Streptococcus pneumoniae

(e) Listeria monocytogenes

17. The most common form of disease caused by Clostridium botulinum is:

(a) Infant

(b) Wound

(d) Foodborne

(e) None of these

18. The endospores of this organism are the most heat-resistant known; it is:

(a) Clostridium tetani

(b) Clostridium botulinum

(d) Streptococcus thermicos

(e) Listeria monocytogenes

19. All of the following are true about Clostridium botulinum, the causative agent of botulism, EXCEPT:

(a) Their ability to form toxin depends on infection with a bacteriophage.

(b) They can produce one of eight different toxins, all of which cause human disease.

(d) Although their endospores are highly heat-resistant, their toxin can be inactivated by only a few minutes' boiling.

(e) All of the above are true.

20. All of the following are true about poliomyelitis EXCEPT:

(a) Most poliovirus infections are inapparent or mild and nonparalytic.

(b) Polio can be caused by three strains of picornaviruses.

(c) The Salk vaccine contains live, attenuated polioviruses while the Sabin vaccine contains formalin-inactivated polioviruses.

(d) Transmission is by the fecal-oral route and pharyngeal secretions.

(e) Poliomyelitis has afflicted man for thousands of years.

graydinosaur157

Water and Minerals

COLLAPSE

This discussion requires knowledge of the material from the chapter and research from online databases or valid research sources. This is truly an excellent learning experience for all of us.

Cancer and Chronic Disease (parkinson's, alzeimers, MS, CVD, auto-immune etc) are words that scare most of us. Certainly when it comes to prevention research shows that smoking, excessive alcohol use, exposure to toxins, obesity, poor diet, lowered immunity, inflammation are all implicators. We can definitely reduce our risk with good lifestyle choices (not smoking, normal BMI, etc.) and that includes dietary choices. There is quite a bit of research and debate about which minerals are beneficial for cancer and/or disease prevention (if at all) and research changes often. You can also focus on water, this will probably lead you down a track to discussing the effects of certain pollutants in the water supply. In any case we are going to find that research and share the knowledge!

This week, for your original posting, find a scholarly based article, professional journal article, original research from grey literature (www.greylit.org) or well respected organization/association research on diet and cancer or chronic disease prevention. This could include the presence of minerals, as supplements or from food, or something related to the water supply and cancer/chronic disease prevention, special diet for cancer/chronic diseases prevention etc. It can be specific to a particular type of disease or cancer or more general. If you select a chronic disease, select one specific one. We are on the minerals chapter, so I would like to see research focused on a mineral or that includes a mineral or multiple minerals. (for example though, don't research a high protein diet as that is a macronutrient).

What to consider:

1. Two wasy to navigate sources for you: get on Google scholar: https://scholar.google.com or for non-published research you can query: www.greylit.org OR have the MC librarian direct you to the various databases you have access too (you can call MC library and they will help you if you are fully online and don't want to go in). Absolutley NO wikipedia, livestrong or webmd, Mayo type sites. You can start here for topic ideas but look further! We are looking for scholarly research. Professional organizations are also a good place as well (for instance, I am interested in digestive conditions, and utilize the American Gastroenterological Association site which links to their journal).

2. find something you are interested in and use that as the basis of your search. This could be information from chapter 8. Also remember, it does not just have to be cancer, you can select any chronic condition you are interested in and see if there is research related to vitamins, minerals or phytochemicals.

3. **In many cases on Google Scholar you can see several version of an article and often you can access a free PDF version of the full article. If NOT, call the MC library and ask for our college log on and see if we have rights to the article. They may have given this info to you but I have found most students have to ask. OR the MC library will actually retrieve the full text article for you and email you the PDF, utilize the librarians!! They love it. **do NOT pay to purchase a full text article online! Utilize the MC library!!

3. If you find an article of interest in a regular magazine or paper (print or online) like Health magazine online, New York times, Wall street journal etc. and you like it, then at the END of the article or referenced IN the article will be information on the original research where the writer got the information. You can discuss the general article in your research but also find the original scholarly article online! **include both in your original posting as attachments or links.

For your original posting:

1. in the Subject box put the topic you researched i.e. lead contaminated water and the effects of cognitive development

2. Then post your article (and include either a link or preferabley the pdf or word doc so we can see the entire article). and also provide a detailed summary of the information you read about and if you agree or disagree with the information. Also discuss why you selected this particular article. **document the source appropriately, I am not concerned if you use APA or MLA.

3.**IMPORTANT, for full points YOU are summarizing what the article/research study said in your own words and discussing merits, issues, if you agree, disagree etc. I am having you attach the article/research study you referenced instead of just a works cited info so others in the class can access the information as well. **you are not cutting and pasting the abstract!!