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7 Apr 2019

Question 1
(1)Identify why hypertension is dangerous by listing 2 or 3 specific diseases that result from high blood pressure and the harm high blood pressure can cause.
(2) List specific 3 factors that may either increase or decrease blood pressure (anything, not just diet related). Indicate if that factor will increase or decrease blood pressure.

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Patrina SchowalterLv2

10 Apr 2019

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RENAL PHYSIOLOGY AND HOMEOSTASIS

Questions/Analysis

Part A.

1. Explain the process of urine moving out of the dialysis tubing (blood) into the cup. How does this relate to blood dialysis of patients with kidney disease?

Part B.

1. Summarize, briefly, the significance of the following parameter measured.

Color -

Nitrate -

Urobilinogen -

Protein -

pH -

Blood -

Specific Gravity -

Ketone -

Bilirubin -

Glucose -

Part C.

Parameter	Describe this parameter or measurement	Should or should not be present in urine?	Abnormal values could indicate what?
Nitrate	Usually produced by bacteria that are present and causing infection	No	A positive test could be indicative of infection
Urobilinogen
Protein
pH
Blood
Specific Gravity
Ketone
Bilirubin
Glucose

1. What potential treatment groups could cause an increase in ADH secretion? Explain why.

2. What potential treatment groups could cause a decrease in aldosterone secretion? Why?

3. What is the impact of blood pressure on kidney function?

4. Illustrate the kidneyâs handling of water and salt loads? Explain.

5. What are potential sources of error in these experiments?

6. The loss of water during sweating on a hot day causes the blood volume to decrease and the osmolarity of body fluids to increase. Outline the mechanisms operating to restore homeostasis via the release of ADH in this situation.

7. Why would prolonged elevations of blood aldosterone produce hypertension?

8. Explain, physiologically, why a person urinates more after a night of beer consumption.

sapphirelocust154

1. Leptin "resistance" would result in ____________________.

a. decreased satiety

b. decreased appetite

c. lower circulating leptin

d. higher concentrations of ghrelin

2. A drawback of using BMI measurements is that

a. BMI does not account for body frame size

b. BMI has not been formally adopted by clinicians or policy makers

c. BMI does not account for differences in body composition

d. BMI overcompensates for racial differences in fat content

3. Metabolic conditions, such as __________________, may be a common link between hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and CHD.

a. hypothyroidism

b. hyperthyroidism

c. insulin resistance

d. Cushing's syndrome

4. High blood pressure

a. is normal and doesn't tax the heart

b. can lead to other cardiovascular diseases

c. leads to a smaller, atrophied heart

d. is more common in white Americans

5. Heart attacks

a. almost always result in instant death

b. can be mild, moderate, or severe

c. do not result in necrosis of heart tissue

d. can only be detected using an arteriogram

6. An ECG can help diagnose

a. low hemoglobin

b. high blood pressure

c. arrhythmias

d. high afterload on the heart

7. A graded exercise test should include

a. a test

b. a lactate threshold blood test

c. a calculation of aerobic power

d. an exercising ECG for those at high risk

1. Reflexes associated with Golgitendon organs prevent skeletal muscles from

a. stretching toofar

b. contracting with too muchforce

c. accumulating too much lacticacid

d. exercising toolong

2. Why do plasma glucoseconcentrations start to decline after prolonged enduranceexercise?

a. Glucagon releasedecreases.

b. Insulin releaseincreases.

c. Cortisol releasedecreases.

d. Glycogen stores aredepleted.

3. During a graded aerobic exercise,

a. SBP gradually increases while DBP remains same or slightlydecreases.

b. SBP remains same or slightly decreases while DBP graduallyincreases.

4. Factor(s) affecting blood pressure is(are)

a. HR.

b. SV.

c. Q.

d. TPR.

e. All of above.

5. Where does waterportion of sweat come from?

a. Inside of muscle cells.

b. Urine.

c. Plasma.

6. End-diastolic volume (EDV) -end-systolic volume (ESV) =

a. cardiac output(CO).

b. mean arterial pressure(MAP).

c. stroke volume(SV).

d. ejection fraction(EF).

7. The major factor affecting blood flow is

a. viscosity ofblood.

b. length of vessel.

c. radius of vessel.

d. shear stress ofvessel.

8. Accumulation of metabolicby-products in muscle (H⁺,CO₂, heat) leads to

a. vasoconstriction.

b. vasodilation.

c. sympatheticactivation.

d. reduced muscle bloodflow.

9. During a grated exercise until the point ofventilator threshold (VT) occurring,

a. pulmonary ventilation (VE) increases proportionally to exerciseintensity increase.

b. pulmonary ventilation (VE) increases disproportionally toexercise intensity increase.

10. Immediately stopping a steady-statesubmaximal exercise, VE steeply decreases. This decrease is dueto

a. decrease in PCO₂, H⁺, and the coretemperature (metabolic effect).

b. decrease in neural input from CNS and feedback from activemuscle.

11. During the recovery period after asteady-state submaximal exercise, VE gradually decrease because

a. decrease in PCO₂, H⁺, and the coretemperature (metabolic effect).

b. decrease in neural input from CNS and feedback from activemuscle.

12. Valsalvamaneuver is dangerous because

a. sore abdominal muscles.

b. a drop in blood pressure if Valsalva maneuver iscontinued.

c. a dangerous rise in blood pressure immediately afterstarting Valsalva maneuver.

d. b and c are correct.

e. All of above are correct.

13. The point atwhich pulmonary ventilation (VE) increases disproportionately withoxygen consumption (VO₂) during graded exercise iscalled

a. ventilatory threshold (VT).

b. lactate threshold (LT).

c. anaerobic threshold (AT).

14. Which condition duringexercise induces the right shift of hemoglobin's oxygen-binding affinity curve(Bohr effect)?

a. ADP accumulation

b. lower pH

c. mechanical compression ofmuscle capillaries

d. local hypoxia(low O₂)

15. How is bloodpressure response during submaximal exercise different between armsand legs?

a. Arms have a higher.

b. Legs have a higher.

c. They are the same

d. They can't be compared

16. Which of thefollowing does not increase the heart'sstroke volume?

a. Enhanced cardiac filling and ejection

b. Neurohormonal influence

c. Training adaptations that expand blood volume

d. Training adaptations that increase resistance to bloodflow

17. Which of the following willdecrease stroke volume (SV)?

a. increased preload

b. increasedcontractility

c. increased Calcium(Ca²⁺) concentrations

d. increasedafterload

18. For two athletes with sameVO₂max, An athlete who has _____ lactate thresholdpredicts better performance.

a. higher

b. lower

c. It doesn

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