I know that intestinal flora metabolising oligosaccharides, likethose found in legumes, is the cause for the well known fact thatlegumes cause flatulence, but does an oligosaccharide-richintestine change the composition (i.e. which specific bacteria makeit up) of intestinal flora in humans?
I know that intestinal flora metabolising oligosaccharides, likethose found in legumes, is the cause for the well known fact thatlegumes cause flatulence, but does an oligosaccharide-richintestine change the composition (i.e. which specific bacteria makeit up) of intestinal flora in humans?
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Part A
The ultimate problem with cholera that can lead to death is __________.
The ultimate problem with cholera that can lead to death is __________.
| only water loss |
| fluid loss with electrolyte concentrations remaining normal |
| severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance |
| only electrolyte loss |
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Part B
The loss of chloride ions is occurring as a result of an continuously open __________, found in certain intestinal epithelial cells.
The loss of chloride ions is occurring as a result of an continuously open __________, found in certain intestinal epithelial cells.
| chloride channel protein |
| sodium pump |
| ATP dependent sodium/potassium pump |
| potassium pump |
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Part C
The main purpose of the chloride channel proteins on the apical surface of the intestinal epithelial cells is to create an osmotic gradient that ultimately causes __________ to move through the intestinal epithelium and into the intestinal lumen to assist in the formation of mucus. These are the same chloride channel proteins, adversely affected in cystic fibrosis.
The main purpose of the chloride channel proteins on the apical surface of the intestinal epithelial cells is to create an osmotic gradient that ultimately causes __________ to move through the intestinal epithelium and into the intestinal lumen to assist in the formation of mucus. These are the same chloride channel proteins, adversely affected in cystic fibrosis.
| potassium |
| calcium |
| water |
| sodium |
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Part D
The main physiologic mechanism used to control the opening of the chloride channel protein is through the use of __________.
The main physiologic mechanism used to control the opening of the chloride channel protein is through the use of __________.
| G proteinâlinked receptors |
| potassium pump |
| enzyme-linked receptors |
| sodium pump |
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Part E
The main factor that causes cholera is the overstimulation of __________ by the __________.
The main factor that causes cholera is the overstimulation of __________ by the __________.
| guanylate cyclase; the bacterium Vibrio cholerae |
| adenylate cyclase; the bacterium Vibrio cholerae |
| guanylate cyclase; cholera toxin |
| adenylate cyclase; cholera toxin |
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Part F
The normal physiologic mechanism used by G proteinâlinked receptors is for a ligand to bind to the G proteinâlinked receptor; this in turn activates __________ located in the intracellular side of the plasma membrane, which eventually leads to the physiologic effector action.
The normal physiologic mechanism used by G proteinâlinked receptors is for a ligand to bind to the G proteinâlinked receptor; this in turn activates __________ located in the intracellular side of the plasma membrane, which eventually leads to the physiologic effector action.
| diacylglycerol |
| inositol triphosphate |
| G protein |
| cyclic AMP |
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Part G
Cholera toxin bypasses the normal sequential cascade of events involving G protein activation. The __________subunit of cholera toxin enters into the cell and directly activates __________. This leads to a non-physiologic (non-homeostatic) action of inappropriately maintaining the chloride channel proteins open. This causes excessive __________, sodium, and water to leave the intestinal epithelial cells.
Cholera toxin bypasses the normal sequential cascade of events involving G protein activation. The __________subunit of cholera toxin enters into the cell and directly activates __________. This leads to a non-physiologic (non-homeostatic) action of inappropriately maintaining the chloride channel proteins open. This causes excessive __________, sodium, and water to leave the intestinal epithelial cells.
| A; G protein; chloride |
| B; G protein; chloride |
| B; inositol triphosphate; calcium |
| A; diacylglycerol; chloride |
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Part H
A defect in the chloride channel protein, causing it to not open, will _________ the chloride, sodium, and water loss in cholera. However, it will also cause the individual to have __________ mucus.
A defect in the chloride channel protein, causing it to not open, will _________ the chloride, sodium, and water loss in cholera. However, it will also cause the individual to have __________ mucus.
| allow; thick |
| allow; thin |
| prevent, thin |
| prevent; thick |
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Part I
A drug that prevents the cholera toxin from attaching to the __________ in the intestinal epithelial cell could be a useful treatment.
A drug that prevents the cholera toxin from attaching to the __________ in the intestinal epithelial cell could be a useful treatment.
| ganglioside |
| protein |
| phospholipid |
| AMP |
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Part J
The best method to reduce the spread of cholera is to __________.
The best method to reduce the spread of cholera is to __________.
| never travel to underdeveloped countries |
| provide properly treated water supplies |
| give everyone antibiotics |
| give everyone antacids |
Ciproflaxin is a broad spectrum antibiotic that kills most normal microbial inhabitants in the human gut. Clostridium difficile is found in small numbers in the normal flora of some healthy adults however this normal inhabitant of the gut is not affected by ciproflaxin. Clostridium difficile is innately resistant to ciproflaxin. After therapy with ciproflaxin patients who normally carry Clostridium difficile often exhibit Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. The change in ability of Clostridium difficile to cause disease would best be explained by the statement that [choose the statement below that you would argue is the best explanation]
| a. | Ciproflaxin interacted with Clostridium difficile in a manner to make the organism more pathogenic. | |
| b. | I do not know the answer to this question. | |
| c. | Ciproflaxin has killed the microbes that normally compete with Clostridium difficile in the gut allowing the microbe to grow uncontrolled. | |
| d. | Ciproflaxin acted as a mutagen. Ciproflaxin induced a mutation in Clostridium difficile to make the organism more pathogenic. |
Please provide support/justification for your answer to the ciproflaxin treatment of Clostridium question.
Bacillus subtilis is growing in a nutrient rich environment. If glucose is depleted, what would be the first response of Bacillus subtilis to the change in the environment?
| a. | utilization of another carbon source. | |
| b. | formation of an endospore. | |
| c. | alteration of a DNA sequence. | |
| d. | I donât know the answer to this question. | |
| e. | acceptance of DNA via gene transfer. Please provide support/justification for your answer to the Bacillus depleting glucose question. |
Which is _*NOT*_ true about the evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations? It can be mediated by
| a. | modification of a bacteriumâs genome through uptake of new genetic information. | |
| b. | I do not know the answer to this question. | |
| c. | alterations of a bacteriumâs genetic material through mutation. | |
| d. | changes in gene expression that occur in the presence of antibiotics. | |
| e. | selective growth of bacteria capable of degrading antibiotics. |
Please provide support/justification for your answer to the bacterial antibiotic resistance evolution question.
