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2 Apr 2019

If eating a larger variety in moderation with more plant based and getting more physical activity has been the same health message since Aristotle, what are the 3 biggest barriers to accomplishing health in the US today in your opinion? How has your opinion changed since taking this course? What are the biggest barriers to achieving health world wide? How are they different that in the US?

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Collen VonLv2

4 Apr 2019

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In the discussion board this week we will examine the issue of howscience is presented to the public. It might seem a bit unrelatedto the content of the course this week, but I would like you tothink about your exposure to science before you enrolled in thisclass. Particularly the role the media plays in the understandingof science, be it the health issues, bioterrorism, or globalwarming. We will discuss these issues in the final few weeks of theclass. A past episode of ER highlighted a suspected case ofsmallpox. ER is one of many shows that the U.S. government used toget issues out to the American people. Consider a former CBS showcalled "The Agency" which portrayed CIA agents combating terroristplots or a current show âThe Unitâ which has a similar plot. Thegovernment provided enormous financial incentives to networks toinsert certain messages into the content of TV shows. Thisincentive program was somewhat hidden from the American public. Ourgovernment believed that messages inserted into television programsreached a broader audience than public service commercials.Meanwhile, the networks enjoy having more profit. Seems like awin-win situation. However, the program was dropped after it wasmade public in a Salon.com article a few years ago. Is theresomething disingenuous about government messages imbedded into TVscripts? Or do the ends justify the means? However, all incentivesare not gone. The Center for Disease Control offers annual $300,000grants available to nonprofit or government agencies to "fosterHollywood leadership support for national public health prioritieswhich include ... promoting accurate depictions of healthy livingat all stages of life." Some of you might have seen the ABC movieFatal Contact: Bird Flu in America, a couple of years ago. Clearly,television shows continue to portray real health threats in adramatic fashion. The question I would like you to consider iswhether these dramatic representations are the best way to educatethe public about health risks? Some sources to check out are:Primetime Propaganda:http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2000/01/13/drugs/ "The Quietdeath of Primetime Propaganda":http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v01/n1161/a01.html Use these sourcesas well as your own research to comment on this issue. What do youthink of this method of getting information to the public? Compareit to the information you can access from the CDC web(http://www.cdc.gov/) site concerning the flu and bio-terrorism.Which is the most effective way of informing the public? Which isthe most accurate? Can you think of a better method to inform thepublic about important health issues such as the flu vaccine orbio-terrorism? Another aspect of this topic that you might want toconsider is how the media shapes our view of health risks. We areexposed to hundreds of natural carcinogens every day yet thesewon't get near the news or media coverage that dumping of toxicchemicals Puget Sound by the paper industry or shipyards willreceive. You could even make the claim that the problem ofover-eating is the single greatest health risk today, yet McDonaldsis not viewed as an evil company the way industrial polluters ofPuget Sound might be portrayed in the media. Is this fair or moreimportantly is the media misleading us about the greatest healththreats in our society? Can you help me? I need in text citation aswell. Thank you!

1) The neurotransmitters acetylcholine and norepinephrine are digested by enzymes that are located at the axon synapse or within the axon terminal of the neurons.

a)What are the names of these different types of enzymes?

b)Where are they located and what is the result of their enzymatic activity?

2) Explain how the Investigational New Drug process works as well as the four different phases of clinical trials. Why are some drugs still taken off the market after approval by the FDA?

3) A single IV injection of 100 mg drug with a half-life of 4 hours is administered to a young adult.

a) Plot drug concentration versus time on a graph making certain to clearly label.

b) How long will it take to eliminate > 95% of the drug?

c) If the volume of distribution is 4L, what is the clearance of the drug?

4) Many drugs are metabolized in the liver through the microsomal metabolizing system.

a) What specific enzymes are involved in this metabolism?

b) What are the main functions of these enzymes?

c) What are some factors that can contribute to individual drug metabolism variation? Explain.

5) Think of an emergency situation requiring immediate and intense physical exertion.

a) List as many body organs as you can and predict the desired level of activity [increased or decreased].

b) Which neurotransmitter would produce these effects and through what receptors?

6) It is interesting that a drug can produce a therapeutic effect and an undesired side effect in one situation, and that the same drug side effect may be considered a therapeutic effect in another situation. Explain this phenomenon using the drug promethazine as an example.

7) A patient brought into the emergency room is experiencing severe hypotension. Blood pressure reads 90/50.

a) What class of drugs is indicated for treatment and why?

b) What precautions should be observed when these drugs are administered?

c) What would be the first indication that too much drug has been administered?

8) Only certain drugs are capable of crossing the blood brain barrier.

a) How is the blood brain barrier different than barriers found in other areas of the body? Be specific.

b) What properties of drugs will make it more likely to cross the blood brain barrier? Explain your answers.

9) A 32-year-old, presents to the Emergency Department by ambulance with vomiting, confusion, salivation, and respiratory distress. The patient states that he was feeling fine until today when I started getting ill. He then vomits. During a physical exam you record the following information: Heart rate 45; Blood pressure 90/60; Respiratory rate 25; Temperature 36.6C; Pupils constricted. During your exam, 4 more ambulances arrive with patients with similar symptoms. You find out they were all riding in the same care on the Red Line when they began feeling ill.

a) What do you feel is happening and why?

b) Would you expect their symptoms to improve over time? Why or why not?

c) What drug would you prescribe to treat these patients and why?

10) Betty has diabetes and asthma. She also has developed high blood pressure, for which doctor just prescribed propranolol. One of your duties as a physicianâs assistant is to make sure patients are not prescribed drugs that are contraindicated because of other health problems.

a) What should you tell the doctor about Bettyâs prescription for propranolol and why?

b) Is there a more appropriate drug for Betty? Explain you answer.

Written Assignment: Biology and Technology in the Real World

Addresses course outcomes 1-4:

recognize and explain how the scientific method is used to solve problems

make observations and discriminate between scientific and pseudoscientific explanations

weigh evidence and make decisions based on strengths and limitations of scientific knowledge and the scientific method

use knowledge of biological principles, the scientific method, and appropriate technologies to ask relevant questions, develop hypotheses, design and conduct experiments, interpret results, and draw conclusions

1. Select one of the topics listed below.

2. Find at least three information sources related to the topic. You can find assistance with searching for articles at the UMUC Library Subject Guides at http://libguides.umuc.edu/science.

3. Write a 750-1500 word paper, excluding references and title page. You must read the information sources that you find and summarize the information in your own words, addressing each of the questions and expectations for your chosen topic. Extensive quotes from the article are discouraged. Use APA style for citing references, see https://www.umuc.edu/library/libhow/apa_tutorial.cfm

4. Post your assignment to the Assignment folder by the due date listed in the course schedule.

Topics (select one from the list below or from the expanded list of topics posted on November 16th in the announcements section)

a) Genetically modified organisms (GMOs). What is the purpose genetic engineering of crop plants and domestic animals? Briefly explain how GMOs are created. What foods in your supermarket contain GMOs? Are foods that contain GMOs safe for human consumption? What types of regulations exist for these foods? Clearly explain your reasoning for each answer.

b) Stem cells. Your friend had a spinal cord injury after a bad car accident. The medical team has decided that he is a good candidate for a clinical trial using stem cell therapy. Your friend has not had a biology course since high school, so you decide to write him a letter sharing your knowledge of stem cells. Include in your letter a description of the biology of stem cells and how these cells are unique from other cells. Contrast the different types of stem cells, including pros and cons of each. Explain how stems cells are can be used to treat diseases and injury, with special focus on spinal cord injuries. Conclude with your own opinion.

c) Fracking (hydraulic fracturing) and tar sands (oil sands). With society's dependence on nonrenewable fossil fuels, the oil & gas industry is turning to the use of hydraulic fracturing and tar (oil) sands to extract natural gas and oil respectively. A friend asks you "What's all this controversy in the news about fracking and tar sands?" Briefly explain to your friend how hydraulic fracturing and tar (oil) sands are used to obtain these fossil fuels. Then, in more detail, describe the environmental problems that may result from these processes and why they are controversial. Issues that may be addressed involves, but are not limited to, water, air and soil pollution, effects on human health, effects on other species and natural ecosystems. Finally, give your opinions on possible solutions to these environmental problems, with your reasoning backed by the references that you studied.