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1) How does an understanding of epigenetics alter the original thoughts about nature versus nurture (the coding of the genome versus the environment you live in)?

2) How has the study of epigenetics completely changed the way in which we have thought about Mendelian genetics and Darwin’s theory of evolution?

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Sixta Kovacek
Sixta KovacekLv2
31 Jul 2018

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Part III – Just How “Identical” Are We?

Elise had been home from college for a week, and she was still preoccupied with Shannon’s diagnosis and her own potential risk for mental illness. Elise expressed her anxiety and concerns to her mother one night after dinner. “Elise,” her mother said, “your concerns are perfectly valid, and you have every reason to want to get more information. Why don’t we make you an appointment to consult with a psychiatrist?” Elise decided to make the appointment the next day. * * * * * Elise left Dr. O’Brien’s offi ce feeling that some of the weight had been lifted from her shoulders. On the car ride home, she thought about the things that Dr. O’Brien had said to her during their consultation. “It was good of you to come in to see me, Elise. You are absolutely right to have concerns for yourself when your identical twin has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Research shows that schizophrenia is almost 50% heritable, and since you share nearly identical DNA with your sister, that puts you at a higher risk for developing this disease as well.” “Fifty percent may sound like a scary number, but remember that schizophrenia is a very complex disease, and 50% of what causes schizophrenia is due to things other than your DNA.” “Well, like what? What else could be contributing to Shannon’s schizophrenia that wouldn’t necessarily aff ect me?” Elise asked. Dr. O’Brien replied, “Th ere are many, many environmental infl uences that seem to play a role in the development of this disease, such as increased stresses and anxiety, or diffi cult relationships with other people. Interestingly, there is some groundbreaking research that is going on that suggests that the environment itself might even play a role at infl uencing one’s DNA at the molecular level. Th is concept is called epigenetics. An example of epigenetics in nature is the calico cat. Each calico cat has a unique orange and black fur color pattern because of alterations, called epigenetic changes, which occur within the cells that produce coat color during the cat’s development. Research in the fi eld of epigenetics suggests that individuals with schizophrenia appear to have some of these epigenetic changes to their DNA that are due to environmental infl uences, and that these alterations could be contributing to their development of mental illness.” “But wouldn’t I also have these ‘epigenetic alterations’ in my DNA?” Elise asked. “Not necessarily, because you and Shannon have not experienced completely identical environments throughout your lives. For example, you and Shannon have had diff erent teachers and jobs throughout high school. And I also understand that you spent many childhood summers with a friend and her family out in the Grand Canyon, while your sister was off at swim camps. If you are interested, I can give you some literature to read about this subject.” Elise was defi nitely interested. She took the articles and headed home.

1. Briefly describe what you know about the structure of DNA and how DNA is packaged in a cell.

2. At the molecular level, speculate on some ways that the environment might have an infl uence on DNA and its packaging

Evolution is change over ____________. Why is evolution an important concept in biology?

What is a population? How can you identify a population in nature?

What is the ultimate source of random variation in a population? Is this the only source of variation, why or why not?

What is a gene pool? Why is it important to our study of evolution?

How is variation inherited in a population? HINT: There are at least two main contributors to this variation. You should be focusing on gametes!

What is microevolution versus macroevolution?

How do the peppered moths show us microevolution in nature? Why is this NOT macroevolution? HINT: you should consider alleles and mating in your answer.

Do you believe that the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is common in nature? Why or why not? In your answer, you should incorporate your knowledge of populations, evolution, and genetics.

Evolution is driven by adaptation and natural selection. In populations, we refer to organisms that are “most fit.” Explain how evolution and the environment would result in organisms that are “most fit.” In your answer, indicate whether the “most fit” organism today is likely to be the “most fit” organism in the future and why.

Microevolution is a change in the frequency of ___________________ in a population but has not resulted in a speciation event thus far. Given this, what factors could lead to a speciation event for this population?

How would you know that a population had divided into two different species (macroevolution)? How could you test for a speciation event experimentally?

It is important to consider factors influencing physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development long before the baby arrives. In this discussion, you will examine the relative roles of genetics and the environment. Environmental effects on development include both macrocultural and microcultural influences. Macrocultural influences are the broader influences on a child’s development, such as mass media, religious denomination, societal rules, or educational norms. Microcultural influences are those on a small scale, such as family eating habits, traditions, hierarchical structures, and routines.

Based on the principles of behaviorism, John B. Watson argued, tongue-in-cheek, that he could take a healthy baby and make him into a lawyer, doctor, or thief. Sandra Scarr argued that often a child’s genetic predispositions override the influence of the environment. Based on what you have learned so far about development, select a well-known movie that addresses the nature-versus-nurture question. Some examples are: The Blind Side, Rudy, and A Beautiful Mind. With reference to the film, respond to the following:

How influential is the role of genetics in the child’s development?

What about the role of the environment, temperament, and teratogenics, among others?

Teratogen: Any agent that can disturb the development of an embryo or fetus. Teratogens may cause a birth defect in the child. Or a teratogen may halt the pregnancy outright. The classes of teratogens include radiation, maternal infections, chemicals, and drugs.

Do you agree with Watson, Scarr, both, or neither?

Support your arguments with research, citing sources.

Write your initial response in 3–4 paragraphs. Apply APA standards to citation of sources.

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