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10 Aug 2019

In thinking about triclosan, (i) The bacterial cell yield (Y) for triclosan is low. Provide a bacterial explanation as to why.(ii) Are soil bacteria just as susceptible to the effects of triclosan as human bacteria? Disturbing soil bacteria, in an otherwise healthy soil, could have what effect on the soil environment? Provide two examples. Could these same disturbances also occur to the human microbiome? You may use physical and/or metabolic examples. Be specific regarding the effects..

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10 Aug 2019

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During the golden age of antibiotic discovery, many new antibiotics were isolated from the soil. Recent studies have found that soil bacteria are naturally resistant to most antibotics. Some of the soil bacteria may even use antibiotics as a nutrient source. Antibiotics must kill a broad spectrum of bacteria while being absorbed harmlessly by the body. Most antibiotics were developed based on Ehrlich "magic bullet" paradigm which is suited to testing antibiotic efficacy in a lab. However, infections are more complex than a pure culture on media in a petri plate. Antibiotic resistance conjures up the pre-antibiotic era of medicine in the early 20th century. The emergence of a plasmid mediated resistance to carbopenems, a last-line drug against a variety of bacteria was alarming to public health workers. Antibiotics may cause collateral damage like a C. diff infection that leads to colitis.

5. Why is a bacterial infection that involves a biofilm harder to control with antibiotics than an infection which does not involve a biofilm?

6. Explain how taking antibiotics would cause the bacteria Clostridium difficle, which is part of the healthy colon microbiome, to become pathogenic?

7. How do bacteria resist antibiotics?

Bacteria also develop resistance to biocides. Traditional cleaning methods for equipment may have limitations. For example, patients who recieve a bed used by a prior patient with a bacterial infection are at an increased risk for being colonized and infected by that same bacteria. In addition, bacteria in a healthcare setting are exposed to disinfection which selects for the resistant members of that bacterial population. No-touch methods of disinfection, i.e. uv light or hydrogen peroxide vapor, of equipment may be an improvement. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29214175# (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site..

8. Are biofilms a concern when disinfecting equipment? Why?

During the Flint, MI water crises as levels of chlorine fell in the drinking water cases of Legionnaires' disease increased. Legionnaires' disease is a water borne infectious disease caused by Legionella. One study reported that for every drop in cholorine concentration of mg/L of river water the odds of a reported case of Legionnaire's disease increased by 80%, thus establishing not causation but association. Some argued that Legionella is tolerant of chlorine, espceillay when it grows in biofilms and that the temperature difference between lake and river water accounts for the increase in Legionella infections. The recommended level of chlorine to treat water for drinking is 0.2-0.5 mg/L.

doi:10.1126/science.aat2210 Was Flintâs deadly Legionnairesâ epidemic caused by low chlorine levels in the water supply? David Shult (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.z

Was Flintâs deadly Legionnairesâ epidemic caused by low chlorine levels in the water supply?

9. What effect would increasing the concentration of chlorine to 1.4 mg/L have had on the people who drink Flint water?

10. What happens to the water pipes when chlorine levels are increased to control bacteria? Could these uninteded consequences increase bacterial growth?

ochrecrocodile432

Question:

Organisms living in Antarctica are thought to be particularly susceptible to change in climatic conditions. How might future climate changes affect the distribution of Antarctic organisms?

Describe the current Antarctic climate and factors that are likely to affect environmental change. Make predictions about future changes to the environment and how this might impact the distribution of organisms in the region.

Below has the format that it could be answered.

below the template, it has exampler template with different topic.

------ template

What do you think is the answer to the question? / What is your perspective on the topic? This is your stance or thesis.

Why do you think this? Give at least three supporting reasons (main points)

-
-
-

Use your stance and supporting points to build your plan. For each main point give a brief explanation, some evidence and/or examples you will use to support it. Provide references where appropriate.

I. Introduction

Possible ideas for the introduction:

(What does the reader need to know to understand the essay? Write as a statement rather than a question or keyword)

Proposed thesis statement:

II. Body - The number of body paragraphs will vary from essay to essay, you choose how many you need.

- Topic sentence:

(Include the main point making it clear how it supports your stance)

Explanations /Evidence/ Examples (include references with each fact (author, date)):

Write as a statement of fact not as a question, heading or keyword

- Topic sentence (include the topic and how it supports your stance):

Explanations /Evidence/ Examples (include references (author, date)):

Write as a statement of fact not as a question, heading or keyword

-Topic sentence (include the topic or how it supports your stance):

Explanations /Evidence/ Examples (include references (author, date)):

Write as a statement rather than a question or keyword

III. Conclusion:

(What are the broad implications of the essay?)

DRAFT WRITING

Introduction and first body paragraph

------- exampler template with different topic

I. Introduction

Possible ideas for the introduction

Climate change

Process of OA

Somehow lead to SO

Thesis Statement : All organisms living bathed in an acidic environment will incur a metabolic cost as a result of the energy expended to maintain functioning cell chemistry this results in reduced growth and reproductive outputs. As a consequence population numbers will drop with a flow on reduction in overall ecosystem biomass and diversity.

II. Body

Main Point: OA has a metabolic cost for all marine organisms and affects growth, reproduction and nutrient value as a food source.[CA2]

Examples/Details/Explanations (include references (author, date)) :

Most pronounced in small organisms but is variable and dependant on pH

e.g. krill, gill & haemolymph regulation issues (Flores et al, 2012) ;

e.g. phytoplankton, reduced nutritional value;

e.g. shell forming organisms dissolution of CaCO₃ shells e.g. pteropods

Main Point: The metabolic cost on the individual results in lower numbers of individuals in a population.

Examples/Details/Explanations (include references (author, date)):

This cost results in reduced fertilisation, extended larval development time, deformities

e.g. seastar (Gonzalez-Bernat et al, 2014) detail effects at different pH levels;

e.g. urchin (Sewell et al 2014)

Main Point: A reduction in biomass of any one species has flow on effects up and down the food chain and could be especially pronounced in the unique Southern Ocean ecosystem.

Examples/Details/Explanations (include references (author, date)):

SO characterised by high nutrient low productivity, âwasp-waistâ structure and short food chains

e.g. phytoplankton as primary producers

e.g. krill as important food source

e.g. pteropods as nutrient cyclers

Main Point: Reduced food availability will likely alter interspecific interactions and may result in some species being driven to extinction.

Examples/Details/Explanations (include references (author, date)):

a. competition will increase as a result of less food e.g. between larger birds and mammals as a flow on from loss of krill

b. shell forming species will be at greater risk of predation due to weaker shells

c. e.g. seastars as keystone species maintaining diversity

III. Conclusion

Effects at organism level will impact on total biomass of that species and those that depend on it for food, therefore the overall productivity and biomass of the SO ecosystem will be reduced and loss of species diversity is expected.

Other Ideas to Conclude:

Effects growth and reproduction and is especially costly for shell forming organisms.

Will see changes as a result of effects on organisms with key functions within the SO ecosystem.

Ideas to leave the reader with (clincher):

Global significance of effects of OA on SO (something related to carbon sink and sequestering of Carbon) or perhaps reminding reader that OA is only one consequence of climate change and that organisms will also be at risk from rising sea temps, melting ice, and invasive species.

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