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10 Nov 2019

Reaction intermediates differ from activated complexes in thata. they are unstable and can never be isolated.b. they are molecules with normal bonds rather than partial bonds and can occasionally be isolated.c. they are stable molecules with normal bonds and are frequently isolated.d. all reactions involve reaction intermediates, but not all have activated complexes.e. they are intermediate structures which have characteristics of both reactants and products.

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Atoms can bond to other atoms to make molecules. Atoms sometimes break these bonds and form them in a different way. For example, it is possible to take two molecules of hydrogen (H_2) and one molecule of oxygen (O_2), put them near one another, give them a little spark to help them start a reaction, and you will end up with two molecules of water (H_2O). Do you see what happened? Some of the H-H bonds and the O-O bonds broke and were replaced by O-H bonds. The process of forming or breaking bonds is called a chemical reaction. Chemical reactions come in a vast variety of types. But they typically involve energy changes that are, very roughly, 5 times 10^-19 J per molecule. We can use that number to estimate some useful quantities. Be sure to write your units in the answers below. Gasoline is made up of molecules with carbon and hydrogen (C and H). There are many kinds of molecules in a typical gasoline; but let's assume that all of them are in the form of C_8H_17. That substance has a mass of 18 times 10^-26 kg per molecule. If the mass density of gasoline is 720 kg/m^3, then how many molecules are in one gallon of gasoline? (1 m^3 = 264 gallons.) Please show your work and don't just look it up on the web. Here's a keep track of your units. At the end, the units should cancel out and your answer for the number of molecules should have no units. When you burn gasoline, you convert chemical energy to heat or work (to make your car move). If, when you burn gasoline, you convert 5 times 10^-19 J per molecule, how much energy can be obtained from one gallon of gasoline? If your car has a mass of 1,000 kg, then how much energy is needed to make your car go from rest to 65 mph (29 m/s)? (Think of this using kinetic energy. Ignore friction with the air or road.) How many gallons of gasoline are needed to make your car go from rest to 65 mph (29 m/s). (This is a rough estimate, neglecting the energy lost to air friction, heat, and other things.) If gasoline costs $2.20 per gallon, how much money does your answer to part (d) cost ?

For each of the following, fill in the blank with the correct response. All of these fill-in-the-blank problems pertain to material covered in the sections on alkanes, alkenes and alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and hydrocarbon derivatives.

a. The first "organic" compound to be synthesized in the laboratory, rather than being isolated from nature, was _ _ _ _ _, which was prepared from _ _ _ _ _.

b. An organic compound whose carbon-carbon bonds are all single bonds is said to be _ _ _ _ _.

c. The general orientation of the four pairs of electrons around the carbon atoms in alkanes is _ _ _ _ _.

d. Alkanes in which the carbon atoms form a single unbranched chain are said to be _ _ _ _ _ alkanes.

e. Structural isomerism occurs when two molecules have the same number of each type of atom but exhibit a different arrangement of the _ _ _ _ _ between those atoms.

f. The systematic names of all saturated hydrocarbons have the ending _ _ _ _ _ added to a root name that indicates the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.

g. For branched hydrocarbon, the root name for the hydrocarbon comes from the number of carbon atoms in the _ _ _ _ _ continuous chain in the molecule.

h. The positions of substituents along the hydrocarbon framework of a molecule are indicated by the _ _ _ _ _ of the carbon atom to which the substituents are attached.

i. The major use of alkanes has been in _ _ _ _ _ reactions, as a source of heat and light.

j. With very reactive agents, such as the halogen elements, alkanes undergo _ _ _ _ _ reactions, whereby a new atom replaces one or more hydrogen atoms of the alkane.

k. Alkenes and alkynes are characterized by their ability to undergo rapid, complete _ _ _ _ _ reactions, by which other atoms attach themselves to the carbon atoms of the double or triple bond.

l. Unsaturated fats may be converted to saturated fats by the process of _ _ _ _ _.

m. Benzene is the parent member of the group of hydrocarbons called _ _ _ _ _ hydrocarbons.

n. An atom or group of atoms that imparts new and characteristic properties to an organic molecule is called a _ _ _ _ _ group.

o. A _ _ _ _ _ alcohol is one in which there is only one hydrocarbon group attached to the carbon atom holding the hydroxyl group.

p. The simplest alcohol, methanol, prepared industrially by the hydrogenation of _ _ _ _ _.

q. Ethanol is commonly prepared by the _ _ _ _ _ of certain sugars by yeast.

r. Both aldehydes and ketones contain the _ _ _ _ _ group, but they differ in where this group occurs along the hydrocarbon chain.

s. Aldehydes and ketones can be prepared by _ _ _ _ _ of the corresponding alcohol.

t. Organic acids, which contain the _ _ _ _ _ group, are typically weak acids.

u. The typical sweet-smelling compounds called _ _ _ _ _ result from the condensation reaction of organic acid with an _ _ _ _ _.

rubyzebra85

Why do ionic compounds dissolve well in water? Select all that are true.

Question 5 options:

Because water and ionic compounds are both polar

Water molecules have partial charges that attract the ions in the solid compound, causing it to dissociate into separated ions

Because organic compounds are nonpolar

Water molecules can surround an ion, and neutralize the ion's charge using either it's partial positive or negative side.

The individual ions are solvated by water molecules which stabilizes the ions

2. Which compound is soluble in ether but not soluble in aqueous sodium hydroxide?

Question 2 options:

	ArOH
	Ar
	ArCOOH

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When you have a two-layer mixture of water and tert-butyl methyl ether, what physical property of these liquids assures you that the ether is the top layer?

Question 4 options:

low density was my answer was

You perform each extraction twice, first with 1 mL and second with 0.15 mL. Why is the second extraction necessary?

Question 8 options:

	several small extractions is better than one large one
	to remove any orgnaic material contaninating tube 2
	to remove any remaining neutral compound

7. Which of the following reactions is not favorable?

Question 7 options:

	ArCOOH + NaOH â ArCOO^-Na⁺ + H₂O
	ArOH + NaHCO₃ â ArO^-Na⁺ + CO₂ + H₂O
	ArCOOH + NaHCO₃ â ArCOO^-Na⁺ + CO₂ + H₂O

9.Why is phenol more acidic than an aliphatic alcohol?

Question 9 options:

	Its conjugates baseâs negative charge is localized on the oxygen
	Phenols have a stronger O-H bond
	Only the phenol can form hydrogen bonds
	Its conjugated base is stabilized by resonance

Which aqueous base reacts with a carboxylic acid but not with phenol? Why?

Question 10 options:

	Sodium bicarbonate, it is a weaker base and will only react with strong acids
	Sodium hydroxide, it is a strong base and will only react with strong acids
	Sodium bicarbonate, it is a weak base and will only react with weak acids
	Sodium hydroxide, it is a strong base and will only react with weak acids

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