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17 Nov 2019

A) draw the structure of isoprene. B) on the structure of limonene, draw a circle around each of the two isoprene molecules that form it's structure.

4. (2 pts) Terpenes are plant products that are major components of es (2 pts) Terpenes are plant products that are major components of "essential oils". They are 4. thesized biologically from isoprene (2-methyl-1.3-butadiene). Limonene, shown below, is found in citrus fruits and contributes to their characteristic fragrance. Limonene is formed by combination of two isoprene molecules. a) Draw the structure of isoprene. b) On the structure of limonene, draw a circle around each of the two isoprene molecules that form its structure. Hint: The forward reaction of the isoprenes involves no C-C or C-H Ï-bond cleavage, so think about how two soprenes can come together such that their Ï-bond framework of each would remain intact.] CH Limonene soprene

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18. Circle the fatty acid in each pair that has the higher melting temperature.
(a) 18:1â9 vs 18:2â9,12
(b) 18:0 vs 18:1â9
(c) 18:0 vs 16:0
19. Categorize each of the following as an aldose, a ketose, or neither.
H H H H H
HOH OHOH HOHO
O HOH HOH HOH HOH HOH HOH HOHO HH
H H H H H
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

20. What is the most significant chemical difference between triacylglycerols and glycerophospholipids that leads to their different functions?

21. What is the effect of a double bond on the fatty acid structure?

22. (a) When relatively high concentrations of fatty acids are suspended in water, they form structures known as ________. (b) When relatively high concentrations of membrane phospholipids are dissolved in water, they form structures known as ________. (c) Why are the structures listed in your answers to (a) and (b) above energetically favored?

23. What is the role of cholesterol in terms of membrane fluidity?

24. There are two reactions in glycolysis which involve the isomerization of an aldose to a ketose or vice-versa. What enzymes catalyze those two reactions?

25. The simple sugar that is used as the reference for naming D and L states of sugars is:

26. Draw D-glucose and a C-3 epimer of D-glucose.

27. Draw the cyclic forms of D-glucose and indicate the anomeric carbon with a *. Name the forms.

28. Describe the structure of starch. Include the identity of its subunits and the details of the bonds between them.

29. Why can humans not use cellulose as a nutrient?

30. Circle the following fatty acid that would have the lowest melting point. Put a square box around the fatty acid that is unlikely to be a natural product. Lastly, Name the fatty acid that you have not Circled or Boxed.

31. In cells, fatty acids are stored as triacylglycerols for energy reserves. Draw the molecule that fatty acids react with to form these energy storage molecules.

For each of the following, fill in the blank with the correct response. All of these fill-in-the-blank problems pertain to material covered in the sections on alkanes, alkenes and alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and hydrocarbon derivatives.

a. The first "organic" compound to be synthesized in the laboratory, rather than being isolated from nature, was _ _ _ _ _, which was prepared from _ _ _ _ _.

b. An organic compound whose carbon-carbon bonds are all single bonds is said to be _ _ _ _ _.

c. The general orientation of the four pairs of electrons around the carbon atoms in alkanes is _ _ _ _ _.

d. Alkanes in which the carbon atoms form a single unbranched chain are said to be _ _ _ _ _ alkanes.

e. Structural isomerism occurs when two molecules have the same number of each type of atom but exhibit a different arrangement of the _ _ _ _ _ between those atoms.

f. The systematic names of all saturated hydrocarbons have the ending _ _ _ _ _ added to a root name that indicates the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.

g. For branched hydrocarbon, the root name for the hydrocarbon comes from the number of carbon atoms in the _ _ _ _ _ continuous chain in the molecule.

h. The positions of substituents along the hydrocarbon framework of a molecule are indicated by the _ _ _ _ _ of the carbon atom to which the substituents are attached.

i. The major use of alkanes has been in _ _ _ _ _ reactions, as a source of heat and light.

j. With very reactive agents, such as the halogen elements, alkanes undergo _ _ _ _ _ reactions, whereby a new atom replaces one or more hydrogen atoms of the alkane.

k. Alkenes and alkynes are characterized by their ability to undergo rapid, complete _ _ _ _ _ reactions, by which other atoms attach themselves to the carbon atoms of the double or triple bond.

l. Unsaturated fats may be converted to saturated fats by the process of _ _ _ _ _.

m. Benzene is the parent member of the group of hydrocarbons called _ _ _ _ _ hydrocarbons.

n. An atom or group of atoms that imparts new and characteristic properties to an organic molecule is called a _ _ _ _ _ group.

o. A _ _ _ _ _ alcohol is one in which there is only one hydrocarbon group attached to the carbon atom holding the hydroxyl group.

p. The simplest alcohol, methanol, prepared industrially by the hydrogenation of _ _ _ _ _.

q. Ethanol is commonly prepared by the _ _ _ _ _ of certain sugars by yeast.

r. Both aldehydes and ketones contain the _ _ _ _ _ group, but they differ in where this group occurs along the hydrocarbon chain.

s. Aldehydes and ketones can be prepared by _ _ _ _ _ of the corresponding alcohol.

t. Organic acids, which contain the _ _ _ _ _ group, are typically weak acids.

u. The typical sweet-smelling compounds called _ _ _ _ _ result from the condensation reaction of organic acid with an _ _ _ _ _.

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