Hard water contains Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺,andFe²⁺, which interfere with the action of soap andleavean insoluble coating on the insides of containers and pipeswhenheated. Water softeners replace these ions with Na⁺.If1500 L of hard water contains 0.020M Ca²⁺ and0.0075M Mg²⁺, how many moles of Na⁺areneeded to replace these ions?

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Casey DurganLv2

7 Apr 2019

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Fluoridation of drinking water is employed in many places to aid in the prevention of tooth decay. Typically the F^– ion concentration is adjusted to about 1 ppb. Some water supplies are also “hard”; that is, they contain certain cations such as Ca^{2 +} that interfere with the action of soap. Consider a case where the concentration of Ca^{2 +} is 8 ppb. Could a precipitate of CaF₂ form under these conditions? (Make any necessary approximations.)

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In the lime soda process at one time used in large scale municipal water softening, calcium hydroxide prepared from lime and sodium carbonate are added to precipitate Ca²⁺ as CaCO₃(s) and Mg²⁺ as Mg(OH)₂ (s):

Ca²⁺(aq) + CO₃^2-(aq) CaCO₃(s)
Mg ²⁺(aq) + 2OH^-(aq) MgOH₂(s)