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12 Dec 2019

1. What effect does an impurity have on the melting point (freezing point) of a pure substance? a) How can this applied to icy conditions on roads? b) Is it better to use salt or gravel on icy roads? c) What effect does antifreeze have on the freezing point of water in a car's radiator?

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Irving Heathcote
Irving HeathcoteLv2
13 Dec 2019

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Related questions

To prevent the roads from freezing, salt is spread on the roads before, during and/or after icy conditions. Which of the following salts would be the most effective at lowering the freezing point? Make sure to take into consideration solubility.

A. C12H22O11 B. NaCl C. Cr3(PO4)2 D. CaCl2

The boiling point and freezing points of a solution differs from those of the pure liquid. This can be explained in terms of vapor pressure. Since the vapor pressure of the solvent above the solution is lower, a higher temperature is needed to reach a point where the vapor pressure of the liquid meets the required 1 atm, and the boiling point is elevated. The lower vapor pressure changes the entire phase diagram for the solvent, and the resulting change pushes the triple point of the solution to a lower temperature value. The solid-liquid phase equilibria curve is related to the location of the triple point, and the freezing point is also lower.

The change in the boiling point for a solution containing a molecular solute, ΔTb, can be calculated using the equation

ΔTb=Kb⋠m

in which m is the molality of the solution and Kb is the molal boiling-point-elevation constant for the solvent. The freezing-point depression, ΔTf, can be calculated in a similar manner using

ΔTf=Kf⋠m

in which m is the molality of the solution and Kf is the molal freezing-point-depression constant for the solvent.

Ethylene glycol, the primary ingredient in antifreeze, has the chemical formula C2H6O2. The radiator fluid used in most cars is a half-and-half mixture of water and antifreeze.

Part A

What is the freezing point of radiator fluid that is 50% antifreeze by mass?
Kf for water is 1.86 ∘C/m.

Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units.

Part B

What is the boiling point of radiator fluid that is 50% antifreeze by mass?
Kb for water is 0.512 ∘C/m.

Express your answer to one decimal place and include the appropriate units.

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