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12 Dec 2019

Question 1

CaC0_3(s) +2HCl_(aq) ? CaCl_2(aq) + +H₂0_(l)

In the reaction above, the rates of consumption of CaC0₃ doubled when the concentration of HCI was increased from 0.25 M to 0.50 M. What is the order of the reaction with respect to HCI?

Order [x] (numerical)

Question 2

Concentration, temperature, use of catalyst, surface area of particles, nature of reactants, and pressure are all factors that affect the ________of chemical reactions.Fill the blank space with any of the following words; activity, rate, state, reactants, products.

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Nelly StrackeLv2

13 Dec 2019

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Factors Affecting Rate of Reactions

Objective : Study the factors affecting the rates of reactions.

Procedure :

Part 1 - nature of reactants 1

(1) Obtain 5 test tubes and number them #1 to #5. For each, place 1-cm strip of Mg.

(2) Add 1mL of 2M sulfuric acid to #1, 1mL of 2M hydrochloric acid to #2, 1mL of 2M nitric acid to #3, 1mL of 2M phosphoric acid to #4, 1mL of 2M acetic acid to #5.

(3) Note the rates.

* Write a balanced equation between Mg and acetic acid including states.

Mg + 2HC₂H₃O₂ â> Mg(C₂H₃O₂)₂ + H₂

Part 2 â nature of reactants 2

(4) Obtain 3 test tubes and place 1mL of 6.0M HCl in each.

(5) Add 1cm polished strips of Mg to the first, Zn to the second and Cu to the third.

(6) Note the rates.

* Write a balanced equation between HCl and Mg. Make sure to include states.

Mg + 2HCl â> MgCl₂ + H₂

Part 3 â Concentration of reactants

(7) Obtain 3 test tubes and number them #1 to #3. For each, place on 1-cm strip of Mg.

(8) Add 1mL of 1M sulfuric acid to #1, 1mL of 3M sulfuric acid to #2 and 1mL of 6M sulfuric acid to #3.

(9) Note the rates.

* Write a balanced equation between Mg and sulfuric acid including states.

Mg + H₂SO_{4 âââ>} MgSO₄ + H₂

Part 4 - Surface area

(10) Obtain 2 test tubes. Place one marble chip (CaCO3) into one test tube and about same amount of crushed marble chips into the other test tube.

(11) Add 1mL of 6.0M HCl to each test tubes.

(12) Note the rates

* Write a balanced equation between CaCO₃ and HCl including states.

CaCO₃ + 2HCl âââ> CaCl₂ + CO₂ + H₂O

Part 5 â Temperature

(13) Obtain 3 test tubes and add 1mL of 6.0M HCl to all three.

(14) Place one test tube in an ice bath, the second in a warm water bath, and the third in a tap water. Wait 5 minutes.

(15) To each test tube, add a piece of Zn.

(16) Note the rates.

* Write a balanced equation between Zn and HCl including states.

Zn + 2HCl âââ> ZnCl₂ + H₂

Part 6 â Catalyst

(17) Obtain 2 test tubes and add 1mL of 3% H₂O₂ to both.

(18) Add few grains of MnO₂ to one of the test tubes.

(19) Note the rates.

* Write a balanced equation for decomposition of H₂O₂ including states.

2H₂O₂ âââ> 2H₂O +O₂.

Summary :

For each part, list the reactions in increasing rate.

Example:

For part 2, Mg + HCl < Cu + HCl < Zn + HCl (Zn being the fastest reaction)

Just writing: âMg < Cu < Znâ is not complete!

For each question, i need help with summary for the example above

Learning objectives To gain an understanding of how to derive mathematical models to describe the operation of batch, semi-batch and continuous flow reactors. To gain an understanding of how to use mathematical models, by employing a numerical method, to find the performance characteristics of chemical reactors such as the product distribution. Skills outcomes Ability to analyse modes of process operation of chemical reactors. Ability to solve problems related to reactor design and employ appropriate numerical techniques to perform quantitative analysis of reactor performance. Assignment Description Consider the batch process shown in Figure 1: a stirred tank (CSTR-100) is connected in series with a reactor (CRV 100) containing a mass per unit volume, W, of solid catalyst. The reactants and products of the reaction process are all liquids which are circulated via a pump (P-100), There is no feed to this closed-loop system and no product is withdrawn. No chemical reaction process occurs in the absence of catalyst hence none occurs in the stirred tank. Assume that initially the tank and reactor contain only reagent A You may also assume: the tank and the reactor are instantaneously well mixed, there is no change in fluid density accompanying the reaction process. the volume of the liquid in the connecting pipe work may be neglected, there is no resistance to mass transfer in the reactor (at the interface between the solid-catalyst particles and the liquid), Figure 1 schematic diagram of units in the batch process The reaction scheme is A notequalto B rightarrow C The first reaction is first order with respect to A in the forward direction, with rate constant, k_u and first order with respect to B in the reverse direction with rate constant, k_lb The second reaction is irreversible and first order with respect to B with rate constant k_a For a solid-catalysed process an appropriate batch-reactor performance equation for reagent A is I/C_A0 = V/W integral_0^XA dX_A/-r_A^r Here, t is elapsed time, C_sa is the initial concentration of reagent A V is the volume of liquid in the reactor, X_a is the fractional conversion of reagent A and r_A^r is the rate of appearance by chemical reaction of reagent A in moles per unit mass of solid-catalyst per unit time. What are the units of the rate constants The volume of the stirred tank is V_1 and the volume of the void-space in the reactor is V_2. By performing a material balance derive performance equations describing the time dependence of the concentration of reagent A and products Band C in the stirred tank. Explain the meaning of any terms you introduce Similarly derive performance equations describing the time dependence of the concentration of reagent A and products Band C in the reactor. Explain the meaning of any terms you introduce Using the performance equations you have derived in parts and investigate how the distribution of products the tank and in the reactor varies with time depending on la the ratio where q is the volumetric flow rate, the ratio the ratio and the ratio Assume that is constant, 1 mole/litre, and that v_2 and w are constant. In your assignment report you must provide the evidence on which you have based your investigation and hence your conclusions. This includes output from any numerical approach you use to solve the performance equations such as the Euler method implemented in an Excel spreadsheet, You must decide on an appropriate range of ratio values to use for (d and then justify the values you have selected in your write-up. You should mot write more than 2500 words for part excluding table captions and figure captions. Provide a brief summary to your report

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