Chemistry

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12 Dec 2019

Part A

The breakdown of glucose to chemical energy for the cells to do work is an example of

anabolism.

reduction.

respiration.

mutarotation.

oxidation.

Part A

Which of the following phrases best describes mutarotation?

A monosaccharide is drawn as an open-chain Fischer projection.

More than two monosaccharides are bonded to each other through an ether bond, and that bond breaks and reforms.

A monosaccharide is drawn as a Haworth structure.

The carbonyl carbon of a monosaccharide forms and breaks a bond to a hydroxyl oxygen on the carbon furthest from the carbonyl group.

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21- Which of these statements is false? A.The Benedict's test allows us to detect the presence of reducing sugars B. The Benedict's test allows us to detect the presence of sugars with a free aldehyde or ketone C. All monosaccharides are reducing sugars because they all have a free reactive carbonyl group. D. All disaccharides have exposed carbonyl groups and are also reducing sugars. E. Sucrose and starches are non-reducing sugars and will not react with Benedict's solution. 22-Select the incorrect statement below about Fehling's test A. Fehling's test is specifically a test for carbohydrates, thus explaining its extensive use itn carbohydrate chemistry B. A positive Fehling's test result is indicated by the formation of a brick red precipitate. C. Fehling's test takes advantage of the ready reactivity of aldehydes by using the weak oxidizing agent cupric ion (Cu2+) in alkaline solution D. In addition to the copper ion, Fehling's solution contains tartrate ion as a complexing agent in the form of copper(II) D-tartrate to keep the copper ion in solution. E. Fehling's reagent is commonly used for reducing sugars but is not specific for aldehydes. F Glucose is a reducing sugar that reacts with Fehling's reagent to form an orange to red precipitate. 23 Select the incorrect statement below about Benedict's test A. Benedict's test can be used to determine the presence of glucose in urine. B. The amount of cuprous oxide formed in Benedict's test is proportional to the amount of reducing sugar present in the urine. C. In Benedict's test, low to moderate levels of reducing sugar turn the solution green; solutions with high glucose levels turn Benedict's yellow or brick red D. Tests using the enzyme glucose oxidase are more specific for glucose than the Benedict's or Fehling's test. E. none of the above 24. Select the incorrect statement below A. Sugars that contain aldehyde groups that are oxidised to carboxylic acids are classified as reducing sugars B. Reducing sugars reduce the Cu2+ in Benedict's solution to Cut which forms as a red precipitate, copper (I) oxide. C. Any sugar that contains a hemi-acetal will be a reducing sugar D. Glycosides are acetals and therefore reducing sugars. E Because the acetals of monosaccharides can undergo mutarotation or oxidation, this means that acetals are nonreducing sugars. F. Fructose (though a ketone) is also a reducing sugar because in the open-chain form, a rearrangement between the hydroxyl group on carbon 1 and the ketone group provides an aldehyde group that can be oxidized. 25. Select the best answer from those below. A. Clinitest is an implementation of the 'Benedict test for reducing sugars. B. Clinitest measures the reducing end concentration of all reducing sugars by comparison with a color charts. C. Clinitest percentage readings are referenced to glucose so that a 1% reducing sugar glucose equivalent corresponds with a 1 gram glucose per 100ml of water concentration. D. All the above are correct

Classify each of the following statements as true or false:

a) To be classified as organic, a compound must be or have been part of a living organism.

b) Carbon atoms normally form four bonds in organic compounds.

c) Only an unsaturated hydrocarbon can engage in an addition reaction.

d) Members of a homologous series differ by a distinct structural unit.

e) Alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons.

f) Alkyl groups are a class of organic compounds.

g) Isomers have the same molecular formulas but different structural formulas.

h) Cis-trans isomerism appear among alkenes but not alkynes.

i) All aliphatic hydrocarbons are unsaturated.

j) Aromatic hydrocarbons have a ring structure.

k) An alcohol has an alkyl group bonded to an oxygen atom, and an ether has two.

l) Carbonyl groups are found in alcohols and aldehydes.

m) An ester is an aromatic carbon made from the reaction of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid.

n) An amine has one, two, or three alkyl groups substituted for hydrogens in an ammonia molecule.

o) An amide has the structure of a carboxylic acid except that replaces OH in the carboxyl group.

p) A peptide linkage series arises when a water molecule forms from a hydrogen from the of one amino acid molecule an from an another amino acid molecule.

r) Chain-growth polymers are made a reaction that gives off water a second product.

s) Nylon is an example of a step-growth condensation polymer.

sangriacicada137

Test 1-Multiple Choice: Choose and underline the best answer in each of the following statement/question.

_____1. Which of the following best differentiates an aldehyde from a ketone?

a. In aldehydes, carbon is bonded to a hydroxyl group.

b. In aldehydes, hydrogen is bonded to an oxygen group.

c. In aldehydes, hydrogen is bonded to a carbonyl group.

d. In aldehydes, oxygen is bonded to an oxygen group.

_____2. Which of statement is not true about petroleum and its products?

a. Petroleum is fossil fuel.

b. Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons with sulfur as impurity.

c. There is no harm that comes from the use of petroleum products.

d. Petroleum comes from decomposition of materials of living origin.

_____3. Cooking gas or liquefied petroleum gas(LPG) is a mixture of C₃H₈ and C₄H₁₀. Which are these compounds?

a. pentane and butane b. methane and butane

c. propane and butane d. propane and methane

_____4. Which of the following compounds ionizes in water and, thus conducts electricity poorly?

a. acetic acid b. hydrochloric acid c. distilled water d. sodium hydroxide

_____5. A lead storage cell can function both as an electrolytic cell and as a voltaic cell. When a lead storage battery is being recharged, it converts ________ energy to_____--energy

a. chemical : electrical b. chemical to heat c. electrical to mechanical

_____6. The acid electrolyte in a lead storage battery is

a. HCl b. H₂SO₄ c. HNO₃ d. CH₃COOH

____7. The anode and cathode in a dry cell respectively are

a. Zn and C b. C and Zn c. Pb and PbO₂ d. PbO₂ and Pb

____8. What is the proper name for the compound CH₃CH₂CH₃?

a. ethane b. propane c.butane d. pentane

____9. Which of the following is the simplest hydrocarbon?

a. CH₂ b. C₂H₄ c. CH₃ d. CH₄

____10. Hydrocarbons such as CH₂ =CH₂ are said t be

a. ionic b. aromatic c. saturated d. unsaturated

_____11. Which of the following best describes hydrocarbons?

a. flammable ionic compounds that are insoluble in water and are denser than water

b. flammable ionic compounds that are insoluble in water and are denser than water

c. flammable covalent compound that are insoluble in water and are less dense than water

d. flammable covalent compounds that are soluble in water and less dense than water

_____12. Which of the following will result if hexane and water are mixed?

a. an explosion

b. clear solution of hexane dissolved in water

c. a layer of hexane on top of a layer of water

d. a layer of water on top of a layer of hexane

_____13.Which of the following is not a gas?

a. ethene b. octane c. methane d. acetylene

_____14. Which of the following is another name for wood alcohol?

a. methanol b. propanol c. grain alcohol d. rubbing alcohol

_____15. Which of the following alcohols groups are found in beverages?

a. ethyl b. methyl c. denatured d. wood

_____16. Which of the following is the only element present in organic compounds?

a. hydrogen b. oxygen c. carbon d. nitrogen

_____17. Which of the following is chlorofluorocarbon?

a. C₃F₈ b. CHF₃ c. CFCl₃ d. CHCl₃

_____18.What percent of alcohol is present in vodka which is 90 proof?

a. 9 b. 45 c. 90 d. 180

____20. Which of the following is formed when carbohydrates undergo fermentation process?

a. ethanol b. methanol c. glucose d. formaldehyde

_____21. In ethene, the two carbon atoms are joined by a

a.single bond b. double bond c. triple d. ionic

____22. The IUPAC name of CH₃CH₂CHCH₂CH₃ is

CH₂CH₃

a. 3-methylpentane b. 3-ethylpentane c. 2-ehtylpentane d. 2-methylpentane

____23. The IUPAC name of CH₃-O-CH₃ is

a. methoxymethane b. ethylether c. dimethylether d. dimethyloxide

____24. Which is an alcohol?

a. C₆H₆

b. CH₃-C-CH₃

c. CH₃-O-CH₃

d. CH₃OH

____25. A group which both aldehydes and ketones have in common is

a.-C=O b. âOH c. âO- d. -COOH

___26. The aroma associated with this class of compounds is regarded as pleasant.

a. amides b. esters c. carboxylic acids d. ketones

____27. The IUPAC name of CH₃CH₂CHO is

a. propanone b. propanol c. propanal d. propionic acid

____28.The âCOOH group is called

a. aldehyde group b. hydroxyl group c. carbonyl group d. carboxylic group

____29.The alkyl group of butane is

a. C₂H₃ b. C₃H₅ c.C₄H₇ d. C₄H₉

____30. The simplest alkene is

a. CH=CH b. CH₂=CH₃ c. CH₂=CH₂ d. CH₃CH=CH₂

Test 2. Answer the following questions completely.(3 points each)

1.Why are alcohols of lower molecular weight more soluble in water than those with higher molecular weights?

2. Which of the following pairs of compounds has

a. higher bolilng point:1-bromopentane or 1-chloropentane _____________________

b. the greater density: heptanes or octane ______________________
c. the higher boiling point :pentyl alcohol or pentylamine ______________________

d. the higher boiling point: hexylamine or dipropylamine ______________________

3. Explain why each of the following names are incorrect.Give the correct IUPAC name.

a. 3-Butanone

b. 1-Butanone

4. What is unique about carbon atom that makes it form numerous compounds?

5. Acetone or propanone is completely soluble in water,but 4-heptanone is completely insoluble.Explain.

Test 3.. Give the name and chemical formula of the functional group of each of the following organic groups. The first one has been done for you.

Organic Group	Functional chemicalfFormula	Functional group name
1.Alkanes	-C-C-	carbon carbon single bond
2.Alkenes
3.Alkynes
4.Alcohols
5. Aldehydes
6. Ketones
7. Thiols
8. Ethers
9.Carboxylic acids
10.Esters
11. Amines
12. Amides

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