Cultural relativism is the practice of evaluating a culture by its own standards. Cultural relativism requires understanding unfamiliar values and norms as well as suspending cultural standards we have known all our lives. What do you think can be learned from cultural relativism when it comes to judging others?

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Kritika KrishnakumarLv10

28 Sep 2019

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My question is related to Cultural Diversity in the Professions:

Can someone assist me with starting my discussion post, please?

Ethnocentrism is generally defined as viewing one's own culture as superior to all others. However, quite often, it is not quite that obvious. Whenever we encounter something that seems strange or different, we will feel some degree of discomfort. How we respond to that feeling is a gauge of how ethnocentric we are about it. Let's suppose that you are entertaining a business client from France. You take him to a very fine restaurant where he looks over the menu very carefully, then asks the waiter if he or she, by chance, has cheval available. The waiter shakes his head and explains that it is not served in American restaurants. Your client becomes somewhat upset and tells you that a truly fine restaurant would serve "proper" cuisine and that he was very disappointed with American hospitality so far. He eventually settles for the prime rib but is ill-tempered for the rest of the evening. The next morning, he leaves for France without consummating the expected business deal. Your boss asks you what happened, and you explain that the client was upset because the restaurant didn't serve something called cheval. Your boss's eyes pop and he yells, "You mean he actually ordered horsemeat?"

How much ethnocentrism is at work? Discuss what and how a better understanding of cultural differences in food preferences by all parties could have prevented the unfortunate incident. What was your response to learning that the client wanted horsemeat? What was your response to his anger that he couldn't get it?

greenzebra831

please read the below and write down your own thoughts and ideas.

Communication skill is the vital for all aspects of our lives; from personal to professional, our lives function because of it. The way someone communicates could entirely differ from the other. But communication is really just a way of establishing relationships. Communication is not only an exchange of words. But at the same time the body is also saying a lot more than the words. Our gestures, hand movements do a lot of the talking for ourselves. This gets a whole lot complex when the interaction is among a diverse community. With different cultural backgrounds, different beliefs and perspectives, the message can be hard to interpret and/or examined. In order to have a positive impact of all the communications and interactions we might have with an individual possessing a different mind-set and culture. We must champion progressive thinking; to listen thoughtfully, debate tolerantly, to freely voice their ideas, and to let others voice theirs and avoid any seeming judgement. John Dewey a pragmatic philosopher and professor at University of Chicago was also a firm believer in progressive thinking mainly influenced by the political times he was living in(WWII). As a communication professional he realized the importance of understanding the reasons behind growing prejudice and hate among certain social groups, and the changes in attitudes and beliefs. (Julia T. Wood; Communication Mosaics; Text. Chapter 2; pg 27)In todayâs diverse world; progression is up another level; awareness of individual differences is extremely important to have an effective communication. This will enable people to have a deeper connection with people who differ from them in some way or the other. Not only will this help in creating relations but also bridging gaps and solving problems that might occur along the way in our lives.

After reading the case that is below, how can a foreign company entering China ensure that it tackles the most important little things that end up being huge barriers to success as we approach the year 2020 when China is expected to have significantly increased purchasing power among its middle class? Write your opinion, as a manager, on how to face cultural issues like those described in the case, when entering foreign markets.

The People's Republic of China opened up to foreign investments in the late 1970s. Since that time, numerous companies have tried to establish operations and sell their products to customers in China. Many more companies will try in the years to come China is expected to have some 190 million people in the middle- and upper-income categories by 2020. This is an increase from only about 17 million people in these income brackets as recently as in 2010. China's purchasing power for virtually all products and services has strong potential, and foreign companies will seek these market opportunities. What have we learned culturally that can help Western-based companies in China's marketplace?

Some background on China can serve as a starting point for a better understanding of the culture in China and what some well-known companies such as Best Buy and eBay have done to target the Chinese marketplace. The motivation for many foreign companies to enter China beyond those that have been there for a few decades for reasons of low-cost production was the triple growth of the Chinese economy that was seen from 2000 to 2010. China overtook Japan to become the second-largest economy in the world behind only the United States, and its large population makes for an enormous target market. Investment from foreign companies was the largest driver of China's growth in the decade from 2000 to 2010. However, many companies also increased their exports to China. The United States, for example, saw its companies increase exports to China by 542 percent from 2000 to 2011 (from about $16.2 billion to $103.9 billion), while total exports to the rest of the world increased by only 80 percent in the same time period.

Interestingly, while foreign investments grew, domestic consumption as a share of the Chinese economy declined from 46 percent in 2000 to 33 percent in 2010. This consumption declineâcoupled with slower growth globally and, ultimately, the worldwide economic downturn that started in 2008âraised questions about China's momentum. Right now, around 85 percent of mainstream Chinese consumers are living in the top 100 wealthiest cities. By the year 2020, these advanced and developing cities will have relatively few customers who are lower than the middle- and upper-income brackets by Chinese standards. The expectation is that these consumers will be able to afford a range of products and services, such as flat-screen televisions and overseas travel, making the Chinese customer much more of a target for a wide variety of consumption. This begs the question, can the unprecedented Chinese growth really continue, and would it come from increased consumption?

The resounding answer is yes according to research conducted by McKinsey & Company. McKinsey found that barring another major economic shock similar to what we saw in 2008, China's gross domestic product (GDP) will continue to grow, albeit not at the historic levels seen between 2000 and 2010 when it grew about 10.4 percent annually. The growth from 2010 to 2020 is expected to be about 7.9 percent per year, which is still far above the expected growth for the United States (2.8 percent annually), Japan (1.2 percent annually), and Germany (1.7 percent annually) the three countries among the top four worldwide economies along with China. And, the key is that consumption will now be the driving force behind the growth instead of foreign investment. The consumption forecast opens up opportunities for foreign companies to engage with Chinese consumers who are expected to have more purchasing power and discretionary spending. But culturally translating market success from one country or even a large number of countries to the Chinese marketplace is not necessarily as straightforward as it may seem. Often, a combination of naivety, arrogance, and cultural misunderstanding has led many well-known companies to fail in China. Lack of an understanding of issues such as local demands, buying habits, consumption values, and Chinese customers' personal beliefs led to struggles for companies that had been very successful elsewhere in the world. Let's take a brief look at Best Buy and eBay as two examples.

Best Buy, the mega-store mainly focused on consumer electronics, was founded in 1966 as an audio specialty store. Best Buy entered China in 2006 by acquiring a majority interest in China's fourth-largest appliance retailer, Jiangsu Five Star Appliance, for $180 million. But culture shock hit Best Buy, best described by Shaun Rein, the founder of China Market Research Group. He pointed to a few reasons for this culture shock and lack of success. First, the Chinese will not pay for Best Buy's overly expensive products unless they are a brand like Apple. Second, there is too much piracy in the Chinese market, and this reduces the demand for electronics products at competitive market prices. Third, like many Europeans, the Chinese do not want to shop at huge mega-stores. So, these three seemingly easy-to-understand cultural issues created difficulties for Best Buy. Solving these issues, Best Buy believed that it would have to develop and implement a different business model for the Chinese market than it has used, for example, in the United States. Now, how far should a company go outside its normal business model to adhere to the cultural values and beliefs of a new market? Strategically moving forward, Best Buy opted to close all of its Best Buy branded stores in China and focus on its wholly-owned local Jiangsu Five Star chain of stores. But will this new strategic business model be successful with the new makeup of customers in China expected by 2020?

eBay, the popular e-business site focused on consumer-to-consumer purchases, was founded in 1995. The company was one of the true success stories that lived through the dot-com bubble in the 1990s. It is now a multi-billion-dollar business with operations in more than 30 countries. But China's unique culture created problems for eBay in that market. Contrary to the widespread cultural issues that faced Best Buy, one company in particular (TaoBao) and one feature more specifically (built-in instant messaging) shaped a lot of the problems that eBay ran into in China. Some 200 million shoppers are using TaoBao to buy products, and the company accounts for almost 80 percent of online transaction value in China. Uniquely, TaoBao's built-in instant messaging system has been cited as the main reason for its edge over eBay in China. Basically, customers wanted to be able to identify a seller's online status and communicate with them directly and easily function not seamlessly incorporated into eBay's China system. Clearly, built-in instant text messaging is a solvable obstacle in doing business in China. It sounds easy now when we know about it, but may not always be the case when we take into account all the little things that are important in a market.

brownox314

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