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Economics
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26 Nov 2018

Hello Experts, here are the questions I would like to have some help with (context is Business Laws and Ethics):

What are the purposes of criminal law and how do they compare to the purposes of civil law? What would a society be like in which individuals and organizations were only subject to criminal liability and in which there was no civil liability for torts or violating contracts?

Thanks a lot!

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Hubert Koch
Hubert KochLv2
27 Nov 2018
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Related questions

There are sometimes conflicts within the same code, between the code and the __________ and between the code and a counselor's value system.

Ā  Ā 

Judgment
Ā  Ā 

Ethics
Ā  Ā 

Law
Ā  Ā 

Value

2 points

Question 2

Section A of the ACA Code of Ethics highlights important issues within the __________________________________.

Ā  Ā 

Privacy Act
Ā  Ā 

Confidentiality Act
Ā  Ā 

Professional's Responsibility
Ā  Ā 

Counseling relationship

2 points

Question 3

______________________ in a code sometimes lag behind the values of society and of professional associations.

Ā  Ā 

Laws
Ā  Ā 

Attitudes
Ā  Ā 

Values
Ā  Ā 

Beliefs

2 points

Question 4

Which section was added to the latest edition of the ACA Code of Ethics (2014)?

Ā  Ā 

Resolving Ethical Issues
Ā  Ā 

Advocacy and Social Justice
Ā  Ā 

Distance Counseling, Technology, and Social Media
Ā  Ā 

Research and Publication

2 points

Question 5

Which of the following is not one of the ethical "hot spots" identified in this chapter?

Ā 

Ā  Ā 

Gatekeeping
Ā  Ā 

Social and Cultural Issues
Ā  Ā 

Informed Consent
Ā  Ā 

Technology

2 points

Question 6

Which of the following is not a type of ethical decision-making model discussed in the text?

Ā  Ā 

Problem-solving model
Ā  Ā 

Advocacy model
Ā  Ā 

Social constructivist model
Ā  Ā 

Developmental model

2 points

Question 7

_______________ has to do with protecting the independences, self-determination and freedom of choice for client.

Ā  Ā 

Nonmaleficence
Ā  Ā 

Beneficence
Ā  Ā 

Justice
Ā  Ā 

Autonomy

2 points

Question 8

People who have this view of the world, see things in black and white, are very concrete, rigid, and authoritarian.

Ā  Ā 

Dualistic
Ā  Ā 

Modern
Ā  Ā 

Post-modern
Ā  Ā 

Flexible

2 points

Question 9

Which section of the ACA Ethical Code (2014) offers guidelines on how to report an ethical violation?

Ā  Ā 

Section B
Ā  Ā 

Section I
Ā  Ā 

Section E
Ā  Ā 

Section A

2 points

Question 10

.__________ is the responsibility under the law for a violation of federal or state criminal statute.

Ā  Ā 

Beneficence
Ā  Ā 

Nonmaleficence
Ā  Ā 

Civil liability
Ā  Ā 

Criminal liability

2 points

Question 11

To prove that they are following the best practices of their professions, counselors should:

Ā  Ā 

Know relevant laws
Ā  Ā 

Maintain good records
Ā  Ā 

Stay professional with clients
Ā  Ā 

All of the above.

2 points

Question 12

______________ is the most rigorous form of credentialing.

Ā 

Ā  Ā 

Accreditation
Ā  Ā 

Licensure
Ā  Ā 

Certification
Ā  Ā 

Registration

2 points

Question 13

Theories help counselors and other helping professionals in the following way(s):

Ā 

Ā  Ā 

conceptualizing clients' problems
Ā  Ā 

necessary to become a licensed psychotherapist
Ā  Ā 

offer specific techniques to apply
Ā  Ā 

both a and c

2 points

Question 14

What is a paradigm shift?

Ā  Ā 

A change like a universe.
Ā  Ā 

A change in the way information is perceived.
Ā  Ā 

A change in theory.
Ā  Ā 

A change in human nature.

2 points

Question 15

Do psychodynamic theories consider which of the following to be important in understanding a person's functioning?

Ā  Ā 

Child-rearing practices
Ā  Ā 

The unconscious and conscious
Ā  Ā 

Examining the past
Ā  Ā 

All of the above

2 points

Question 16

Sigmund Freud was trained as a:

Ā  Ā 

Physician
Ā  Ā 

Counselor
Ā  Ā 

Caseworker
Ā  Ā 

Social worker

2 points

Question 17

Freud believed that there are ____________ structures that make up personality.

Ā 

Ā  Ā 

1
Ā  Ā 

2
Ā  Ā 

3
Ā  Ā 

4

2 points

Question 18

Freud, and later his daughter Anna Freud, identified a number of _______________ that help people to cope with anxiety.

Ā  Ā 

Defense skills
Ā  Ā 

Coping mechanisms
Ā  Ā 

Coping skills
Ā  Ā 

Defense mechanisms

2 points

Question 19

___________ believed that each of us has a unique psychological type which includes the attitudes of extraversion and introversion.

Ā 

Ā  Ā 

Freud
Ā  Ā 

Rogers
Ā  Ā 

Jung
Ā  Ā 

Cattell

2 points

Question 20

_______________________ believed that every child was born with innate and unique capabilities and is inherently moving toard the future, not determined by the past.

Ā  Ā 

Adler
Ā  Ā 

Freud
Ā  Ā 

Rogers
Ā  Ā 

Jung

2 points

Question 21

Existential-humanistic approaches embrace a phenomenological perspective, stressing all but which of the following?

Ā  Ā 

The subjective reality of the client
Ā  Ā 

the role of the unconscious
Ā  Ā 

How the counselor uses his or her personal qualities in counseling
Ā  Ā 

the importance of consciousness and/or awareness

2 points

Question 22

Although Ludwig Binswanger is generally acknowledged as being the first existential therapist, who is seen as the person who popularized this approach through "logotherapy"?

Ā  Ā 

Irvin Yalom
Ā  Ā 

Carl Rogers
Ā  Ā 

Alfred Adler
Ā  Ā 

Viktor Frankl

2 points

Question 23

____________________ developed client-centered therapy.

Ā  Ā 

Carl Jung
Ā  Ā 

Viktor Frankl
Ā  Ā 

Carl Rogers
Ā  Ā 

Ludwig Binswanger

2 points

Question 24

Today, most Gestalt therapists believe that from birth, the individual is in a constant state of ______________ through a process of need identification and need-fulfillment.

Ā  Ā 

Self-regulation
Ā  Ā 

Self-actualization
Ā  Ā 

Existential crisis
Ā  Ā 

Emotional distress

2 points

Question 25

This therapy was developed by Albert Ellis during the 1950s.

Ā  Ā 

Psychodynamic therapy
Ā  Ā 

Behavioral therapy
Ā  Ā 

Cognitive therapy
Ā  Ā 

Rational emotive therapy

Comment this discuss in few paragraph ?

Cultural Differences and Ethical Standards

Should you pay the 10 percent commission? Justify your response.

The type of country in which this scenario takes place. As Hill (2009) points out there are high and low context countries. Asian, Latin American, and Middle Eastern countries are high context countries where the message must be interpreted based on not only what was said, but the person's social status, and other cultural indicators present (Hill, 2009). In low context countries, what is said is the message and there is no need for further interpretations (Hill, 2009). Therefore, it would depend on where this interaction is occurring and who is asking for the commission (status, rank, business title, etc). These commissions may be a normal part of doing business in a certain region of the country. However, there are strict laws governing bribes (Mestre, 2015) and if I suspected that this commission was a bribe for business or personal advantage, then I would not pay the commission. This would eventually have a detrimental effect on my business and go against my ethics.

Does it make a difference if your competitors routinely pay such commissions? Explain why this may or may not have an impact on your decision.

As Mestre (2015) explains, bribes are so wide spread that the fundamental alter the business landscape in certain markets. As he states, there is a, "barrage of extortionate demands for bribes in foreign markets (p.2)." Unfortunately, bribes reward the corrupt and not eh efficient which a free market should award the most competitive and efficient company (Mestre, 2015). So these types of "commissions" are frequent around the world and should be calculated in to a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis when deciding to enter a certain foreign market. A company needs to decide what risks they are willing to take to enter into a new market. Will they pay bribes furthering the decline of a market and risk large legal penalties? Or will they not pay the bribes knowing that this will make it harder for them to do business in that market?

Do you think there should be more or fewer attempt to regulate international ethics? Why? Justify your answer using the research you have done in preparation for this assignment.

The United Nations (UN) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) both have areas that monitor and regulate ethics (websites, ND). Additionally, the United States and other countries have, for example, anti-bribery laws that penalize both the bribe giver and taker (Mestre, 2015). Given all of the regulation, there is still wide spread corruption in the global marketplace (Mestre, 2015). Additionally, new technologies far exceed the pace of legislating new laws and policies (Herther, 2018). Therefore, it seems like a combination of corporate ethic policies, government intervention, and international trade agreements can help to combat unethical behavior in international business. It is important to have multiple areas of regulation as ethical behavior varies by country. For example, what Americans consider unethical may not be unethical in another country.

1) Assume that two firms (Firm A and Firm B) operate in the U.S. steel industry. The owner of Firm A writes the following letter to the owner of Firm B:

Dear Owner of Firm B,

I have concluded that if we both restrict output such that we each produce only 3 million tons of steel per year, we can both charge a price that will allow us to effectively monopolize the steel market and to maximize our joint profits. If you would like to enter into this agreement with me, please draft a contract that specifies this agreement and I will be more than willing to meet with you and sign it.

Sincerely,

Owner of Firm A

If this letter were sent in the year 1944, the:

a) Owners of both Firm A and Firm B would not be guilty of violating antitrust laws because antitrust laws in 1944 contained exceptions for certain nationally important industries like the steel industry.

b) Owners of both Firm A and Firm B would not be guilty of anything because there were no antitrust laws in existence in 1944.

c) Owner of Firm A would be guilty of violating antitrust laws only if she met with the owner of Firm B and signed the contract, but she would not be guilty if the attempt to monopolize the market failed because the owner of Firm B never responded to the letter.

d) Owner of Firm A would be guilty of violating antitrust laws because she merely attempted to monopolize the steel industry.

e) Owners of both Firm A and Firm B would not be guilty of violating antitrust laws because antitrust laws in 1944 applied only to industries made up of three or more firms.

Ā 

2) Entry of new firms will continue in a monopolistically competitive industry until:

a) Marginal cost = 0 (zero).

b) Economic profit is negative.

c) Marginal revenue = marginal cost.

d) Economic profit equals zero.

e) Marginal Revenue = 0 (zero).

Ā 

3) A monopolistically competitive firm usually charges less than a monopoly firm because:

a) It is part of a group of firms that have formally agreed to control the price and the output of a product.

b) Its primary goal is to reap monopoly profits by replacing competition with cooperation.

c) It has a monopoly, but potential entrants exist in the form of contestable markets.

d) It faces some degree of competition due to low barriers to entry.

e) Producing homogenous output is more expensive than producing differentiated output.

Ā 

4) An example of price discrimination is when:

a) A single box of Froot Loops costs $3.50, but when purchased in a case of six, it costs only $3.00 per box.

b) You can purchase a new PC for half the price of a new Mac, even though they are both computers.

c) Procter & Gamble charges $9 for a bottle of Tide laundry detergent, while the store brand costs the consumer significantly less, despite being somewhat similar products.

d) Out-of-state students pay more for the same education as in-state students.

e)Movie theaters do not allow children into R-rated movies without a parent or guardian.

Ā 

5) The Varsity, located in downtown Atlanta, is the world's largest drive-in restaurant. Located near the Georgia Tech campus, the drive-in attracts two distinct types of customers: college students and visitors to Atlanta. The owners are considering offering a student discount of $1 off their combo meal, which is regularly priced at $9. There are 5,000 students interested in purchasing a combo meal, with a maximum willingness to pay of $8. There are 5,000 visiting customers interested in purchasing the combo meal, with a maximum willingness to pay of $9. Assume that each customer, at most, will purchase a single meal and the marginal cost is $5. What will be the amount of total revenue for the Varsity if the owners offer a single price of $8 per combo meal?

a) $65,000

b) $85,000

c) $40,000

d) $80,000

e) $90,000

Ā 

6) A competitive firm would have:

a) More elastic demand than a monopolistically competitive firm.

b) More inelastic demand than a monopolistically competitive firm.

c) A horizontal demand curve.

d) Bowed-in or bowed-out demand.

e) An upward-sloping demand curve.

Ā 

7) It is unrealistic to regulate a natural monopoly at marginal cost pricing because:

a) The government is not allowed to regulate markets.

b) With this type of regulation, the firm will want to shut down, and that outcome is not desirable for society.

c) Firms do not need to follow regulations from the government.

d) Regulating a market causes more deadweight loss.

e) Marginal cost pricing ends up having the natural monopoly firm earn zero economic profits.

Ā 

8) Price discrimination allows businesses to make additional profits and allows markets to work more:

a) Efficiently

b) Unfairly

c) Realistically

d) Equitably

e) Independently

Ā 

9) Antitrust laws are designed to:

a) Increase prices.

b) Promote monopoly practices.

c) Promote awareness of government programs.

d) Promote competition.

e) Decrease output.

Ā 

10) Barriers to entry:

a) Do not exist for monopolies.

b) Exist for perfectly competitive firms.

c) Restrict the entry of new firms into the market.

d) Always lead to profits.

e) Measure the ability of firms to set the price for a good.

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