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Agnes Chin is the chief financial officer of Grains Corp., an established agricultural commodities firm. The headquarters of Grains Corp. is located in Chicago.
It is now January and Agnes is working on two large deals that are coming up in the current year:
-Grains Corp. is going to purchase 100,000 bushels of wheat in 10 months’ time so as to meet its orders upstream.

-Grains Corp. is finally going to sell ofits 50,000 bushels of soybeans that has been in storage for the past 6 months. The transaction is to take place in 3
months’ time.
Prices in these transactions have not been fixed and hence they are risks that Agnes has to consider hedging. She checks the market data as presented below:


Agnes needs to analyse the nature of commodity price risk and the need for hedging this risk in the transactions. Help Agnes in her analysis by answering the following multiple choice questions:
(a) The 3-month forward price for the soybeans that is implied by the data is best approximated by
(i) 400,000
(ii) 500,000
(iii) 600,000

(b) Agnes notices that the 3-month futures price for soybeans that is traded in the market is significantly higher than the implied 3-month forward price. She may
take advantage of the arbitrage opportunity by
(i) selling 3-month soybeans futures to exactly hedge the price for the current storage of soybeans
(ii) buying more soybeans at spot, storing it for 3 months and buying 3-month soybeans futures
(iii) buying more soybeans at spot, storing it for 3 months and selling 3-month soybeans futures

(c) The futures contracts traded at the exchange expire in the months listed here:
March (H), May (K), July (N), September (U) & December (Z)
Is it possible to build a perfect hedge for the purchase of wheat with wheat futures contracts?
(i) Yes
(ii) No and she should enter into the September contract
(iii) No and she should enter into the December contract

(d) Judging from the data, the current state of the commodity market is likely to be
(i) backwardation
(ii) normal backwardation
(iii) contango

(e) If Agnes were to go long on the wheat futures, she will most likely notice that the market price on her futures contracts will
(i) gradually go down if the market remains generally calm
(ii) stay unchanged if the market remains generally calm
(iii) fluctuate significantly even while the market remain generally clam

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Trinidad TremblayLv2
28 Sep 2019
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Many Fedwatchers are convinced the central bank is just hours away from announcing the first increase to its benchmark federal-funds rate in nearly a decade. If that happens, there will be repercussions for stocks and bonds, on Main Street and Wall Street, and for economies in all corners of the world. For some, the impact could be felt right away, and for others, the shakeout may be felt more acutely over time, especially if the Fed follows the first rate hike with sustained tightening.

Here’s a roundup from Journal staffers about who wins and who loses when rates rise.

Banks. Banks have been yearning for the Federal Reserve to start raising rates for years to stem the decline in their net interest margin, an important measure of banks’ profitability. The interest rates banks charge on many loans are directly tied to the Fed’s target rate, meaning they immediately earn more interest on those items, while deposit rates move more gradually. Goldman Sachs Group Inc. analysts recommends owning the stocks of banks whose depositors are likely to stick around: Bank of America Corp., J.P. Morgan Chase & Co., Wells Fargo & Co., PNC Financial Services Group, Inc. and E*Trade Financial Corp. –Peter Rudegeair

Corporate bonds. Corporate bonds could take a hit if the Fed raises rates, but should outperform benchmark U.S. Treasury debt, analysts say. Part of the reason is bond math: When rates rise, prices fall. But corporate bonds carry higher interest rates than Treasurys, to compensate investors for the added risk of default, so these bonds have more cushion to absorb a rate increase. After a major selloff in the market for higher-yielding junk debt in recent weeks, some analysts now expect that junk bonds–excluding the hardest hit energy and commodity sectors–will perform better than investment-grade debt should the Fed make a move. “As long as we’re selective about credits, [high-yield bonds] probably offers us a better opportunity in a rising-rate environment,” said Priscilla Hancock, global fixed income strategist at J.P. Morgan Asset Management. “When the Fed raises rates, it’s supposed to suggest the economy is strengthening.” –Mike Cherney

Dollar. Most investors and analysts say the dollar’s nearing the end of its bull run, even if the Federal Reserve raises rates Wednesday or early in 2016. The greenback’s risen ahead of past tightening cycles, and then sold off before interest rates reached their apex. “The European Central Bank probably has to step up and ease policy again in 2016, and the Fed will likely have more than one interest-rate move next year; add those up and yield spreads still are generally moving in the dollar’s favor,” said Westpac Bank’s Richard Franulovich. “The dollar’s rally is hitting its mature phase, but it’s definitely got further to run.” The dollar has already strengthened 24% against other currencies since June 2014. Many investors predict that uneven U.S. growth or volatile global markets would discourage the Fed from raising rates as rapidly as in previous tightening cycles, limiting further upside. –James Ramage

Emerging markets. A rise in U.S. interest rates could provide a litmus test for many emerging economies and show how prepared they are to withstand the potential capital outflows triggered by higher U.S. yields and a stronger dollar. Retaining foreign capital has already been challenging for emerging countries, many of which are struggling with slowing growth and substantial debt. So far, emerging-market currencies have absorbed most of the pains, losing 18% against the dollar this year through last week. Stocks, which are priced in local currencies, were down 17%, but dollar-denominated EM bonds have fared better, still managing to hold on to single-digit gains this year. “Given how much EM currencies have already fallen this year, we don’t expect much turmoil in the near term,” if the Fed begins to tighten as expected, said Jorge Mariscal, chief investment officer of emerging markets at UBS Wealth Management, which oversees $1.9 trillion in invested assets. “What matters is the path of the interest rates in the U.S. going forward.” UBS expects four more rate increases next year, which will be problematic for a number of vulnerable emerging countries, including Brazil, Turkey, South Africa and Indonesia. –Carolyn Cui

Euro. Expectations for higher U.S. interest rates and easier monetary policy in the eurozone drove the euro down 22% against the dollar since May 2014. In theory, a Fed rate increase should push the euro even lower. But the common currency’s future has been complicated by investors’ penchant for using euros to fund trades for higher-yielding assets. Thus, the euro stands to gain whenever investors grow risk-averse and trim or exit those bets. In addition, euro-bears have proven particularly sensitive to central-bank expectations. The euro isn’t likely to reach parity with the dollar anytime soon, says Mizuho Bank’s Sireen Harajli. “Fundamentals would call for a weaker euro,” she says. “But unless the ECB asks for more stimulus, it would be difficult for the euro to weaken significantly from here.” However, few investors foresee a substantial euro rally in the coming weeks, either. –James Ramage

Gold. Prices slumped to five-year lows in recent weeks as expectations of higher rates from the Fed hit fever-pitch. Bets that benefit if gold prices fall outpaced wagers that gold will rally by a record margin of 17,949 contracts on Dec. 1, according to CFTC data. Tighter monetary policy is likely to make it harder for gold, which doesn’t pay interest, to compete with yield-bearing assets like Treasury bonds. However, some market watchers say the policy shift is already reflected in low gold prices, and the market could pop higher if the Fed reiterates that subsequent rate increases will be spread out. –Tatyana Shumsky

High-quality stocks. Stocks with healthy balance sheets, high returns on capital, muted volatility, elevated margins and track records of stable sales and earnings growth stand to benefit when rates are rising. Per data compiled by Goldman Sachs Group Inc., these names have a history of outperforming their lesser-quality counterparts in the three months following an initial rate rise. Companies with strong balance sheets, for instance, typically outperform those with weak ones by an average 5% three months after liftoff, according to Goldman. –Kristen Scholer

Housing market. Higher short-term interest rates won’t wreck housing, and in the near-term might have hardly any impact at all. For one, the rate of mortgages, as with those of other long-term loans, have only an indirect relationship with short-term rates and are influenced more heavily by factors such as inflation expectations and economic growth. The rate on a 30-year fixed-rate mortgage–which last week was at 3.95% according to Freddie Mac–almost surely is already pricing in expectations of a Fed move on Wednesday. That said, over the next year, some economists expect mortgage rates to rise about half a percentage point. All else being equal, that would hurt home prices as borrowers would need to buy a cheaper house to keep the same monthly payment. A recent poll of home buyers by real-estate broker Redfin Corp. said that higher mortgage rates would have the biggest impact on the lower-end of the housing market. –Joe Light

Life insurers. Few companies are rooting for a sustained rise in interest rates as loudly as U.S. insurers are, and life insurers are leading the cheers. Most insurers earn substantial income from investing premiums, and they typically favor high-quality bonds, whose yields have plummeted in recent years amid the sustained low interest-rate environment. Life insurers depend more heavily on investment income than do car, home and some sorts of business insurers. That’s because life insurers can collect premiums for decades before paying out a claim, and rely on that investment income to make a policy profitable. For many older policies on life insurers’ books, the companies expected to earn far-higher yields than newly invested cash fetches today. MetLife Inc. Chief Executive Steve Kandarian argues that life-insurance buyers will benefit too, as low rates make the cost of the coverage “much more expensive than it needs to be.” Low rates also raise the cost of running risk-management programs. Such hedging programs are important for those life insurers selling certain types of income-stream guarantees. –Leslie Scism

Money-market funds. The Fed’s 0.25% interest-rate increase will begin showing up in the yields of money-market mutual funds within days, welcome news for investors. Funds for individual investors that invest in both corporate and government debt currently yield just 0.01% on average, according to researcher iMoneyNet Inc. The higher rates should be fully reflected in just over a month, but investors in some money funds may not see the full increase, says Peter Crane, president of Crane Data LLC. Fund managers have temporarily trimmed fees to keep expenses from eating up the funds’ paltry yields and taking a bite out of investors’ principal. As interest rates rise, some part of the increase is likely to go toward increasing funds’ fee charges, Mr. Crane says. Across the industry, “my wild guess is that half of the first rate hike might flow through to investors, but it could be more,” he says. –Daisy Maxey

Oil. The latest plunge in oil prices has pummeled the stock and bond prices of some U.S. energy producers and raised fears of a spate of defaults across the sector. Increased interest rates could hurt producers that are already struggling to pay debts amid sharply lower cash flow. That could be positive for oil prices in the long run, if U.S. producers are forced out of business and domestic production declines as a result, reducing the global glut of crude. But in the near-term, the most direct effect on oil prices would probably come from the dollar. If the dollar still has room to run in the wake of a rate hike, the rising dollar could weigh on oil prices by making dollar-traded oil more expensive for buyers using foreign currencies. –Nicole Friedman

Rate-sensitive stocks. Companies considered rate-sensitive are those that have high dividend yields. Consumer staples, telecoms and utilities fall into this category, as all three sectors yield more than the S&P 500. They have been attractive investments amid the low-yield environment the past several years. But, as rates rise, bonds are poised to become more attractive than their current state, which could steal some of the thunder away from high-dividend yielding shares. –Kristen Scholer

Stocks with a large portion of floating-rate debt. Firms that have a decent amount of variable debt–where interest payments adjust as market rates rise or fall–stand to take a hit. As rates rise, so too will the cost of floating-rate debt. “When the tightening cycle finally starts, the immediate impact will be felt by firms with high proportions of variable rate borrowing,” wrote Goldman. Among the 10 S&P 500 sectors, financials and industrials have the greatest portion of floating-rate debt with it accounting for 16% and 10%, respectively, of all debt for those sectors. –Kristen Scholer

Treasurys. The Fed’s policy has a more direct impact on short-term government debt whose yields are highly sensitive to changes in the fed-fund rate. The yield on the two-year note recently traded near 1%, headed for the highest closing since May 2010. Many investors expect the yield to rise if the Fed raises interest rates on Wednesday. But some argue the yield has nearly doubled in the past two months and if the Fed signals that further tightening will happen at a very slow pace, some may book profit from their short bets on the two-year notes.

The Fed’s impact on long-term bonds is more subdued. The value of those bonds are influenced by a broad basket of factors, including the global growth and inflation outlook. A rate increase by the Fed may drive some investors to sell long-term bonds. But given concerns about the global economic outlook, there likely plenty of investors who could seek safety in long-term Treasury debt, especially with many focusing on the recent stress from the junk debt market. Any signal of a slow tightening path would keep a lid on long-term bond yields.

One way an interest-rate increase could weigh on the U.S. government debt market is by making newly-minted bonds more attractive to buy, thus dragging down the value of outstanding bonds. –Min Zeng

In the discussion of "housing market," if we keep the same monthly payment (note: these are future cash outflows), will mortgage borrowers be able to buy a cheaper or more expansive house with the rate hike (note: the mortgage loan the borrower takes out to buy the house is the present value)? Explain briefly please.

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