Question

Most cells use Na+/glucose symport transporter to move glucoseagainst a concentration gradient into the cell according to thefollowing equation

1. Glucose (out) + Na + (out) -------->Glucose (in) + Na +(in)

The energy for this uphill transport of glucose comes fromcoupling to the downhill direction of sodium movement.

Consider the above in the cell with the following condition

Inside Outside

Glucose 10mM 0.5mM
Na+ 50mM 500mM

Membrane potential = 0.1 V (negative side

Determine the free energy change associated with the abovereaction (you might find it easier to first consider the movementof the two components of the system separately)