Biology 1001A Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Aneuploidy, Metaphase, Copy-Number Variation

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raspberryfrog2

1 May 2013

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Zygotes bring dna from two different cells into the same cell. Homologous chromosomes carry the same genes, but different alleles. Homologous chromosomes are the same size and the same shape and have the same genes in the same places. Chromosomes never look like how they do in a karyotype in nature. In meiosis i, chromosome number is reduced from diploid to haploid (n) In meiosis ii, cells divide to give products with 1xc amount of dna. Equational division because the number of chromosomes doesn"t change. Meiosis doesn"t always make gametes -> only in animals. In animal life cycles, the zygote divides by mitosis. In plant life cycles, the zygote and spores divide by mitosis. They don"t replicate by meiosis, they replicate by mitosis. In some fungi/algae, the zygote divides by meiosis. In prophase of meiosis i, replicated homologues pair and recombine. Recombination during meiosis cuts and pastes dna backbones. Sex isn"t about reproduction, it"s about sexual recombination.

Related Questions

In order to move from G1 to S-phaseâ¦

Select one:

a. Cyclin-Cdk must phosphorylate cytochrome c, thereby inactivating it.

b. Cyclin-Cdk must phosphorylate cytochrome c, thereby activating it.

c. Cyclin-Cdk must phosphorylate RB, thereby inactivating it.

d. Cyclin-Cdk must phosphorylate ADP to make enough ATP for all that DNA synthesis.

e. Cyclin-Cdk must phosphorylate RB, thereby activating it.

How is meiosis different than mitosis?

Select one:

a. Meiosis is found only in juvenile organisms while mitosis is found at all life stages.

b. Cytokinesis is skipped during meiosis but not during mitosis.

c. During anaphase II of meiosis chromosomes segregate randomly while in mitosis they do not.

d. Meiosis is uncontrolled while mitosis is rigorously controlled.

e. During metaphase I of meiosis homologous chromosomes pair up together and in mitosis they do not.

C.)

âCrossing overâ during meiosis leads toâ¦

Select one:

a. the exchange of DNA on a maternal chromosome for DNA on paternal chromosome.

b. free radical formation and DNA damage.

c. incomplete formation of chiasmata.

d. many mitotic errors and mutations.

e. transcription and translation.

âNon-disjunctionâ during meiosis leads toâ¦

Select one:

a. robust, mutation-proof gametes.

b. parthenogenic reproduction.

c. larger zygotes.

d. the wrong number of chromosomes in the daughter cells.

e. is important for generating heritable genetic variability.

amaranthdolphin658

Question 1 (2 points)

In which phase of cell division is marked by the dissolution of the nuclear membrane, the condensation of chromosomes, and the formation of the mitotic spindle?

Question 1 options:

	prophase
	metaphase
	telophase
	anaphase

Question 2 (2 points)

The physical separation of cells during cell division is called:

Question 2 options:

	Cytokinesis
	Telophase
	Interphase
	Chromosome
	Cell plate

Question 3 (2 points)

Meiosis is necessary for sexual reproduction; the gametes formed during this process before fertilization are _______________.

Question 3 options:

	Haploid
	Diploid
	Zygote
	Homologous
	Tetrads

Question 4 (2 points)

Mitosis is the process by which a ___________ cell separates the chromosomes in its nucleus into two identical sets of nuclei.

Question 4 options:

	eukaryotic
	prokaryotic
	bacterial
	all of these are correct

Question 5 (2 points)

Which of the following statements about crossing over is INCORRECT?

Question 5 options:

	It occurs between homologous chromosomes
	It allows for two parents to produce many different types of offspring
	It contributes to genetic diversity in a population
	It occurs during prophase I of mitosis

What is a genome? What is a genome made of? Describe the bacterial genome. How do bacteria reproduce? What is binary fission? Distinguish between a chromosome and chromatin. Where are chromosomes located in eukaryotic cells? What is the chromosome made of? What is a centromere? What is the centromere's role? What are sister chromatids and how do they arise? Distinguish between somatic cells and germ (gametes) cells. Describe the cell cycle. What are the different phases? What occurs during S phase? What is interphase? How is the cell cycle controlled?

Describe mitosis. What are the phases of mitosis? What occurs in each of the phases of mitosis? What is cytokinesis? How does this differ between plant and animal cells? What is a kinetochore? Where does it form? What is its role? What is the role of microtubules in mitosis? What is a centriole and what is it composed of? What is a centrosome and what is its role in mitosis? What is the metaphase plate and why is this important? What is the mitotic spindle, its role and its makeup? What defines a diploid cell? How many copies of each chromosome is in a diploid cell? What about a haploid cell? Why do the daughter cells of mitosis always have the same complement of chromosomes?

Describe meiosis. What are the phases of meiosis? What occurs in each of the phases of meiosis? Distinguish between meiosis I and meiosis II and describe how each of these processes compare to mitosis. Why do animal cells undergo meiosis? What is a gamete? What is a zygote? What are recombination, crossing-over, and chiasma? When and why does this occur? What is meant by 'homologous pair of chromosomes'? Why don't the daughter cells of meiosis have the same genetic makeup? What controls the segregation of chromosomes into the gametes?

What are genetic characters? What are genetic traits? What is an allele? What is a locus? How many alleles at each locus would a human cell have and why? Distinguish between genotype and phenotype. What is meant by a dominant gene? What is meant by a recessive gene? How do these differ? What is the genotype of a homozygous dominant organism? What is its phenotype? What is the genotype of a homozygous recessive organism? What is its phenotype? What is the genotype of a heterozygous organism? What is its phenotype? What is a genetic cross? Distinguish between the P, F1, and F2 generations. What is a true-breeding line? What is the genotype and phenotype of a cross between homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive parents? If the F1 progeny are crossed, what would be the genotype and phenotype of the F2 generation? What would be the phenotypic ratio? What would be the genotypic ratio? Be ready to generate Punnet square tests or probability analyses of crosses involving more than one genetic locus. Describe a dihybrid cross where two alleles are homozygous dominant in one parent and homozygous recessive in the other. What would be the phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation from this dihybrid cross? What is meant by independent assortment? Be prepared to calculate probabilities resulting from different crosses.

Distinguish between complete and incomplete dominance. How would incomplete dominance alter the results of a hybrid cross? What would the resulting F2 generation phenotype and genotype ratios be? What is codominance? How does this affect the results of crosses? Be prepared to determine likely blood types of parents based on the blood types of their offspring. What is a polygenic trait? What is a carrier state for a genetic disease? What is meant by linked genes? How does this affect expected outcomes of genetic crosses? How is gene linkage used for chromosomal mapping? Distinguish between autosomes and sex chromosomes. What sex chromosomes are found in women? What sex chromosomes are found in men? What are sex-linked traits? Be prepared to give the results of crosses that involve sex-linked recessive traits. What is the process of nondisjunction? What are the likely results? Why is this important? What is a Barr body? Recognize the genetic abnormality of Downs Syndrome, Turner's Syndrome, and Klinefelter's Syndrome.

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Biology 1001A Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Aneuploidy, Metaphase, Copy-Number Variation

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