BIOL308 Study Guide - Dna Mismatch Repair, Pyrimidine Dimer, Xeroderma Pigmentosum
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QUESTION 1
A mutation caused by exposure to gamma rays is called a spontaneous mutation
a. | True | |
b. | False | |
c. | Sometimes, depending on the type of base change | |
d. | Gamma rays do not cause mutations |
QUESTION 2
A recessive mutation affecting an essential biochemical pathway can be detected________
a. | when the organism is heterozygous for that mutation. | |
b. | when the organism is homozygous for that mutation. | |
c. | in either homozygous or heterozygous conditions. | |
d. | only by sequencing (recessive mutations never show a phenotype). |
QUESTION 3
During DNA replication, the newly synthesized chain grows by adding
a. | nitrogenous bases | |
b. | the sugar-phosphate backbone | |
c. | nucleosides | |
d. | dNTPs |
QUESTION 4
During replication, the DNA strand 5â- AAGTCTAGCCTAG -3â will serve as a template for the polymerization of:
a. | 5â- CTAGGCTAGACTT -3â | |
b. | 5â - TTCAGATCGGATC -3â | |
c. | 5â - GATCCGATCTGAA -3â | |
d. | 3â - AAGTCTAGCCTAG -5â |
QUESTIOn 5
Given the following DNA sequences, select which statement(s) is(are) correct.
Sequence 1:
5â-TGGACGCTAA-3â
3â-ACCTGCGATT-5â
Sequence 2:
5â-AATCGCAGGT-3â
3â-TTAGCGTCCA-5â
Sequence 3:
5â-ACCTGCGATT-3â
3â-TGGACGCTAA-5â
a. | Sequences 1 and 2 are the same | |
b. | Sequences 1 and 3 are the same | |
c. | Sequences 2 and 3 are the same | |
d. | Sequences 1, 2 and 3 are all different |
QUESTION 6
Repetitive sequences in the genome are hotspots for:
a. | Deamination | |
b. | Depurination | |
c. | Thymine dimer formation | |
d. | Replication errors |
QUESTION 7
Select which statement(s) about the Ames test is(are) correct
a. | it has been designed to understand mutation repair systems in Salmonella typhimurium | |
b. | it uses mammalian liver extract | |
c. | it allows to study whether chemical compounds or their enzymatic breakdown products are mutagenic | |
d. | it is based on whether a chemical compound causes reversion mutations from his+ to his- | |
e. | two of the above are correct | |
f. | three of the above are correct |
QUESTION 8
Select which statement(s) is(are) correct.
a. | All DNA strands have a direction, and it is specified by the carbons in the sugar backbone. | |
b. | All DNA strands have a direction, and it is specified by hydrogen bonds between nucleotides. | |
c. | In order to form proper base pairs in a double stranded DNA molecule, the two strands must run in opposite directions. | |
d. | A and C are correct. | |
e. | B and C are correct. |
QUESTION 9
Studies of gene mutation frequencies have shown that:
a. | mutations are rare, and genomes are generally stable. | |
b. | mutation frequencies differ among organisms and also between genes, suggesting certain genes are more susceptible to mutation. | |
c. | mutation frequencies are consistent between organisms, and each region of DNA is equally susceptible to random mutations. | |
d. | Both A and B are correct. | |
e. | Both A and C are correct. |
QUESTION 10
The compound 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) is a derivative of uracil, and if BrdU becomes incorporated during DNA replication, it pairs with adenine. This compound is best classified as which type of mutagen?
a. | base analog | |
b. | base inducer | |
c. | intercalating agent | |
d. | oxidative agent | |
e. | alkylating agent |
QUESTION 11
The rate of mutation of the fruit fly is higher than the rate of mutation of Algae
True
False
QUESTION 12
Thymine dimers are most commonly caused by which of the following?
a. | X-rays | |
b. | Alkylating agents | |
c. | U.V. irradiation | |
d. | DNA intercalating agents |
QUESTION 13
What chemical group is found in the 3â end of a DNA strand?
a. | an alcohol | |
b. | a hydroxyl | |
c. | a methyl | |
d. | a phosphate |
QUESTION 14
What chemical group is found in the 5â end of a DNA strand?
a. | an alcohol | |
b. | a hydroxyl | |
c. | a methyl | |
d. | a phosphate |
QUESTION 15
Which is the correct order of molecules binding to DNA during DNA replication?
a. | Helicase, SSB, primase, DNA pol III, DNA pol I, ligase | |
b. | SSB, DNA pol I, ligase, helicase, DNA pol I, primase | |
c. | primase, helicase, DNA pol III, ligase, DNA pol I, SSB | |
d. | SSB, helicase, primase, DNA pol III, DNA pol I, ligase |
QUESTION 16
Which statement(s) is(are) correct about strand slippage?
a. | It can cause disorders such as Huntingon disease. | |
b. | It is a process that causes mutations altering the number of DNA repeats. | |
c. | It is a process that incorporates nucleotide base analogs and trinucleotide repeats. | |
d. | a and b are correct. | |
e. | b and c are correct. | |
f. | a, b and c are correct. |
help needed asap.
1).Which of the following demonstrates the importance of mutation?
A.Mutation is the ultimate source of genetic variation and thus is the foundation of why people are interested in genetics in the first place. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
B.Mutation will remove variation from the population. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
C.Mutations are always beneficial and thus allow organisms to adapt. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
D.Mutation is detrimental to the population and thus is important only because we need to get rid of mechanisms that induce mutations. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
E.Mutation is not important. 2).While the SOS repair pathway can repair devastating pyrimidine dimers, it comes at a cost. Which of the following best explains the cost of repairing DNA via the SOS repair pathway?
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13. The arms of a human and the wing of a bat are _________________ structures, composed of the same bones that have been modified for different functions.
a. | analogous |
b. | vestigial |
c. | homologous |
d. | convergent |
14. Xeroderma pigmentosum is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. People who are homozygous for the disease-causing allele have skin that is damaged by exposure to ultraviolet radiation; this can lead to skin cancer at an early age. The mutation that causes this disorder is in a gene that functions:
a. | to repair DNA by excising (removing) nucleotides damaged by UV light. |
b. | in lysosomes, to break down lipids that otherwise accumulate in the nervous system. |
c. | to produce the UV blocking pigment melanin in the skin cells |
d. | in red blood cells to carry oxygen to the skin. |
15. The Amish are a religious sect descended from a small group of colonists who came to the United States over 200 years ago. Their religious beliefs have kept them isolated from society. The Amish have a much higher than average incidence of both polydactyly (extra fingers and toes) and dwarfism in their communities. This is most likely explained by:
a. | inheritance of acquired characters. |
b. | the founder effect. |
c. | disruptive selection. |
d. | natural selection. |
16. In the structure of DNA that Watson and Crick proposed, the sides of the "ladder" of the DNA molecule are always the same distance apart, making the molecule a constant width. This occurs because when the bases hydrogen bond to form the rungs of the "ladder", a:
a. | purine always pairs with a pyrimidine. |
b. | purine always pairs with a purine. |
c. | pyrimidine always pairs with a pyrmidine. |
d. | The structure of the double helix is not determined by how the bases pair. |
17. The RNA transcript of DNA that travels to the cytoplasm, carrying the instructions to make a protein, is called:
a. | rRNA. |
b. | tRNA. |
c. | mRNA. |
d. | RNA polymerase. |
18. When DNA is replicated, the error rate is approximately one error for every 10,000 nucleotides copied. However, that error rate is reduced to only 1 error for every 1 billion nucleotides. The DNA sequence is "corrected" by:
a. | repeating S phase to see if the error rate is lower the second time around. |
b. | enzymes that proofread the DNA and repair errors. |
c. | messenger RNA during the process of transcription. |
d. | Any errors made during DNA replication cannot be corrected. If errors are detected after S phase, the cell is destroyed. |
19. Mendel's principle of segregation says that:
a. | when gametes are formed, each gamete receives only one allele for a particular gene. |
b. | some genes are dominant to others. |
c. | a testcross must be used to determine the genotype of an organism with a dominant phenotype. |
d. | all of the above |
20. Tay-Sachs disease is lethal before reproductive age, but the allele persists in Louisiana French Canadians because:
a. | it is a dominant allele. |
b. | new mutations causing this disease are common in that population. |
c. | it is not expressed in the phenotype of heterozygous individuals. |
d. | the disease is contagious and can be transmitted by nonheritable means. |
21. Physical features that are similar in organisms which are not closely related to each other are most likely a result of ____________. A good example of this is the similarities seen between some marsupial and placental mammals.
a. | natural selection. |
b. | adaptation to similar environments |
c. | convergent evolution |
d. | All of the above phrases can be used to correctly fill this blank. |
22. In humans, which of the following sex chromosome compliments could be found in males?
a. | XY |
b. | XX |
c. | Y |
23. The proteins that are associated with eukaryotic chromosomes:
a. | help to package the DNA within the nucleus. |
b. | are involved in gene expression, through binding with the DNA. |
c. | may be replicating or transcribing the DNA. |
d. | All of these are true of proteins that are associated with eukaryotic chromosomes. |
24. A sequence of DNA nucleotides that contains the information to produce a single protein is a(n):
a. | codon. |
b. | gene. |
c. | polypeptide. |
d. | anticodon. |