ADM 1300 Study Guide - Deferral, Cash Flow, Retained Earnings
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Overview: Classifying a companyâs costs allows for an in-depthanalysis of the impact that changes in output have on revenues,costs, and net income or net loss. A cost-volume-profit (CVP)analysis will be completed in order to determine the breakevenpoint. Relevant costs will be used to prepare a flexible budget.Additionally, an appropriate costing system should be selected andthe choice should be substantiated with reasonable rationale.Finally, a memo should be prepared for management that summarizesthe results of the quantitative analysis and makes recommendationsfor an optimal costing system to be ethically used by key decisionmakers. For Milestone One, you will use the MDE ManufacturingBudget (Table I) to analyze costs, contribution margin, andbreakeven point for the bird feeder division of the company. In Tab1 of your Student Workbook, classify costs as either product orperiod costs. Briefly explain the difference between the types ofcosts. Then, analyze the actual costs and, using Tab 2 of yourStudent Workbook, complete a cost-volume-profit analysis todetermine how many bird feeders must be sold at the current costand sales price level to earn a 10% profit and how much the salesprice would have to increase to earn a 10% profit at the same costand sales volume level. Submit the Student Workbook with Tabs 1 and2 completed with your cost calculations and a 1â2 page Worddocument that explains the implications of your findings andaddresses all of the critical elements in Section I.
I. Salesand Manufacturing Expenses: Budget and Actual (2014)
You will use this table to complete Milestones One and Two.
Budget ($) | Actual ($) | |
Sales | 1,050,000 | 991,700 |
Expenses | ||
Materials â Cedar | 225,000 | 248,160 |
Materials â Plastic | 37,500 | 37,741 |
Factory Worker Labor | 300,000 | 332,760 |
Materials â Indirect | 3,000 | 2,585 |
Factory Depreciation | 78,000 | 78,000 |
Factory Utilities | 12,000 | 12,000 |
Factory Maintenance and Repairs | 5,000 | 4,500 |
Shipping ($2.25/each) | 112,500 | 105,750 |
Sales Commissions ($2.00/unitsold) | 100,000 | 94,000 |
Office Rent | 12,000 | 12,000 |
Advertising | 20,000 | 20,000 |
Liability insurance | 5,000 | 5,000 |
Office Depreciation | 1,000 | 1,000 |
Office Salaries | 48,000 | 48,000 |
Total Expenses | 959,000 | 1,001,496 |
II. Contribution Margin: Static Budget and Actual Results (2014)
You will use this table to complete Milestone Two.
Actual Results | Static Budget Amount | |
Units Sold | 47,000 | 50,000 |
Revenues ($) | 991,700 | 1,050,000 |
Manufacturing Costs ($) | ||
Variable | 621,246 | 565,500 |
Fixed | 94,500 | 95,000 |
Gross Margin | 275,954 | 389,500 |
| Milestone One,Part I | ||
| Product Costs | ||
| Period Costs | ||
| Totals | Totals | ||||||||||
| Budget | Actual | ||||||||||
| Sales Price per Unit | |||||||||||
| Variable Costs | |||||||||||
| Materials - Cedar | |||||||||||
| Materials - Plastic | |||||||||||
| Factory Worker Labor | |||||||||||
| Materials - Indirect | |||||||||||
| Shipping ($2.25/ea) | |||||||||||
| Sales Commissions ($2/unit sold) | |||||||||||
| Variable Cost per Unit | |||||||||||
| Contribution Margin | |||||||||||
| Fixed Costs | |||||||||||
| Factory Depreciation | |||||||||||
| Factory Utilities | |||||||||||
| Factory Maintenance and Repairs | |||||||||||
| Office Rent | |||||||||||
| Advertising | |||||||||||
| Liability Insurance | |||||||||||
| Office Depreciation | |||||||||||
| Office Salaries | |||||||||||
| Total Fixed Costs | |||||||||||
| Using Budgeted Amounts | |||||||||||
| Breakeven Point - | Breakeven Point - | ||||||||||
| Using Actual Amounts | Units at Current Sales Price | ||||||||||
| + 10,000 profit | |||||||||||
| Using actual amounts | New Contribution Margin | ||||||||||
| + 10,000 profit | Current Variable Costs | ||||||||||
| New Sales Price | |||||||||||
1) All of the following are examples of product costs except:
depreciation on the company's administrative offices.
salary of the plant manager.
insurance on the factory equipment.
rental costs of the factory facility.
2) Period costs:
are treated as expenses in the period they are incurred
are directly traceable to products
include direct labor
are also referred to as manufacturing overhead costs
.
3) Axle and Wheel Manufacturing currently produces 1,000 axles per month. The following per unit data apply for sales to regular customers:
Direct materials $30
Direct manufacturing labor 5
Variable manufacturing overhead 10
Fixed manufacturing overhead 40
Total manufacturing costs $85
The plant has capacity for 2,000 axles and is considering expanding production to 1,500 axles. What is the total cost of producing 1,500 axles?
a. $85,000
b. $170,000
c. $107,500
d. $102,500
4) In the preparation of the schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured, the accountant incorrectly included as part of manufacturing overhead the rental expense on the firm's retail facilities. This inclusion would:
overstate period expenses on the income statement.
overstate the cost of goods sold on the income statement.
understate the cost of goods manufactured.
have no effect on the cost of goods manufactured.
5) In CVP analysis, focusing on target net income rather than operating income:
a. will increase the breakeven point
b. will decrease the breakeven point
c. will not change the breakeven point
d. does not allow calculation of breakeven point
6) A variable cost is constant if expressed on a per unit basis but the total dollar amount changes as the number of units increases or decreases.
a. True
b. False
7) As activity increases within the relevant range, fixed costs remain constant on a per unit basis.
a. True
b. False
8) Which of the following statements is correct with regard to a CVP graph?
A CVP graph shows the maximum possible profit.
A CVP graph shows the break-even point as the intersection of the total sales revenue line and the total expense line.
A CVP graph assumes that total expense varies in direct proportion to unit sales.
A CVP graph shows the operating leverage as the gap between total sales revenue and total expense at the actual level of sales.
9) How would the following costs be classified (product or period) under variable costing at a retail clothing store?
| Cost of purchasing clothing | Sales commissions | |
| a. | Product | Product |
| b. | Product | Period |
| c. | Period | Product |
| d. | Period | Period |
10) The principal difference between variable costing and absorption costing centers on:
whether variable manufacturing costs should be included as product costs.
whether fixed manufacturing costs should be included as product costs.
whether fixed manufacturing costs and fixed selling and administrative costs should be included as product costs.
none of these.
11) Joe has a hot dog cart that he parks on the NY sidewalk and sells hotdogs during the day. The variable cost of a hot dog is $.90. The selling price of the hot dog is $2.00. The fixed cost is $3,000 per month which covers the loan for the cart and the salary Joe needs to make to live. How many hotdogs must Joe sell in one month in order to break even?
3,300 hot dogs
3,000 hot dogs
2,727.27 hot dogs
2,728 hot dogs
12) Shun Corporation manufactures and sells a hand held calculator. The following information relates to Shun's operations for last year:
| Unit product cost under variable costing.......................... | $5.20 per unit | |
| Fixed manufacturing overhead cost for the year.............. | $260,000 | |
| Fixed selling and administrative cost for the year............ | $180,000 | |
| Units (calculators) produced and sold.............................. | 400,000 |
What is Shun's unit product cost under absorption costing for last year?
$4.10
$4.55
$5.85
$6.30.
Use the following information to answer questions 13 to 15:
Barnett Company uses the weighted-average method in its process costing system. The company adds materials at the beginning of the process in Department M. Conversion costs were 75% complete with respect to the 4,000 units in work in process at May 1 and 50% complete with respect to the 6,000 units in work in process at May 31. During May, 14,000 units were started, 12,000 units were completed and transferred to the next department.
13) Calculate the number of equivalent units for materials.
10,000 units
12,000 units
14,000 units
15,000 units
18,000 units
14) Calculate the number of equivalent units for conversion?
10,000 units
12,000 units
14,000 units
15,000 units
18,000 units
15) An analysis of the costs relating to work in process at May 1 and to production activity for May follows:
| Materials | Conversion | ||
| Work in process 5/1....................... | $13,800 | $3,740 | |
| Costs added during May................ | $42,000 | $26,260 |
The total cost per equivalent unit for May was:
$5.02
$5.10
$5.12
$5.25
| Andretti Company has a single product called a Dak. The company normally produces and sells 78,000 Daks each year at a selling price of $50 per unit. The companyâs unit costs at this level of activity follow: |
| Direct materials | $ | 16.00 | |
| Direct labour | 10.50 | ||
| Variable manufacturing overhead | 8.30 | ||
| Fixed manufacturing overhead | 5.00 | $390,000 total | |
| Variable selling expenses | 3.00 | ||
| Fixed selling expenses | 3.50 | $273,000 total | |
| Total cost per unit | $ | 46.30 | |
| A number of questions relating to the production and sale of Daks follow. Consider each question separately. |
| Required: |
| 1. | Assume that Andretti Company has sufficient capacity to produce 150,000 Daks every year without any increase in fixed manufacturing overhead costs. The company could increase its sales by 25% above the present 78,000 units each year if it were willing to increase the fixed selling expenses by $28,750. |
| a. | Calculate the incremental net operating income. (Do not round intermediate calculations.) |
| b. | Would the increased fixed expenses be justified? | ||||
|
| 2. | Assume again that Andretti Company has sufficient capacity to produce 150,000 Daks every year. A customer in a foreign market wants to purchase 26,000 Daks. Import duties on the Daks would be $2.90 per unit, and costs for permits and licences would be $11,700. The only selling costs that would be associated with the order would be $5.00 per unit shipping cost. Compute the per-unit break-even price on this order. (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to 2 decimal places.) |
| 3. | The company has 1,600 Daks on hand that have some irregularities and are therefore considered to be seconds. Due to the irregularities, it will be impossible to sell these units at the normal price through regular distribution channels. What unit cost figure is relevant for setting a minimum selling price? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places.) |
| 4. | Due to a strike in its supplierâs plant, Andretti Company is unable to purchase more material for the production of Daks. The strike is expected to last for two months. Andretti Company has enough materials on hand to continue to operate at 30% of normal levels for the two-month period. As an alternative, Andretti could close its plant down entirely for the two months. If the plant were closed, fixed overhead costs would continue at 60% of their normal level during the two-month period; the fixed selling costs would be reduced by 20% while the plant was closed. What would be the dollar advantage or disadvantage of closing the plant for the two-month period? (Do not round intermediate calculations.) |
| 5. | An outside manufacturer has offered to produce Daks for Andretti Company and to ship them directly to Andrettiâs customers. If Andretti Company accepts this offer, the facilities that it uses to produce Daks would be idle; however, fixed overhead costs would be reduced by 75% of their present level. Since the outside manufacturer would pay all the costs of shipping, the variable selling costs would be only two-thirds of their present amount. Compute the unit cost figure relevant for comparison to whatever quoted price is received from the outside manufacturer. (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to 2 decimal places.) |
