RLG100Y1 Lecture : Lecture on Islam, November 22nd, November 27th

62 views6 pages

copperclam445

5 Aug 2010

School

Department

Course

Professor

For unlimited access to Class Notes, a Class+ subscription is required.

November 13th 2006

World Religions ± RLG100

Islam

- 1.3 ± 1.4 billion Muslims around the world

- 2nd largest religion

- fastest growing religion in the world

- Indonesia ± highest population of Muslims

o India ± 2nd, Pakistan ± 3rd, Bangladesh ± 4th etc

- 600 million Muslims in Canada, mostly in Toronto

- ISLAM ± Arabic word ± means submission/surrender ± the ideal of a person perfecting Islam is that he/she

surrenders to god

- Traces (lineage) back to Hebrew patriarch ± ABRAHAM ± genetic

- Ishmael (ISMAIL) = parent of Arabs

- Abraham = central figure of Islam ± view relationship with god as being the (paradine) norm of how all human

beings should be with god

- Islam recognized the bulk of Jewish and Christian history

- sacred book of Islam ± Quran ± mentions Jewish prophets

o Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, Muhammad

o Special significant = all received revelation from god

o Moses Æ occupies more space in the Quran than any other prophet (about 200 times)

o Parallel between life of Muhammad and Moses

o The Hebrew scriptures are held in very high regard by Muslims

o Recognizes Jesus as a prophet and messenger of god ± world renouncing, wondering prophet with deep

compassion ± willing to suffer for his people

 Jesus = great prophet

 Affirms virgin birth of Jesus

 Denies that Jesus was the son of god

 Denies the divinity of Jesus (just an advance prophet)

- Muhammad ± final prophet (long line of prophet) ± drawing on the wisdom that is already prevalent ± growing on

insights of all other prophets ± LAST prophet (none to come after) ± direct revelation from god ± way of being in

the world, life example (SUNNAH) model of an ideal Piest life Æ stories about the prophet (life, ideas, thoughts,

way of doing things²narratives) much of the Muslim law (history)

o Affirms mission, ministry of Jesus, Christian scripture

o Life example of prophet Muhammad

HISTORIC BACKGROUND

- Arabian peninsula ± Saudi Arabia ± 7th century CE

- before Islam ± area characterized by various practices ± JAHILIYAH (foolishness, ignorance, lack of refinement

and civilization)

- before 7th century CE - worshiped many gods and goddesses ± virtues of manliness, tribal loyalty, good will,

generosity Æ FRQWDLQHGWRPHPEHUVRIRQH¶VRZQFODQWULEH± protection from harm and others

- family honours ± blood feuds ± lasted from generation to generation ± men = many wives, no provisions for

protecting women or children

- fatalism

- dismantle tribal loyalty ± humanitarian bonds ± common allegiance to god

- roots from trading town ± MECCA ± flourishing mercantile center ± point on major trade route, saw a lot of traffic ±

focus of major pilgrimage route ± ancient structure of KABAH ± believe that the Kabah was built by Abraham and

Ismail ± before Islam, the shrine = pilgrim image

- after Islam ± Kahbah taken over and dedicated to ONE sacred god ± today is still big pilgrimage site

- cosmopolitan city

- Mecca ± influenced by tribe ± QURAYSH ± numerous clans ± powerful tribe

o Muhammad = member of QURAYSH

o 570 CE (6th century) ± father died before he was born and mother died shortly after ± orphan under care

of grandfather ± after death of grandfather, brought up by uncle

o may have accompanied grandfather on caravan journeys

www.notesolution.com

Unlock document

This preview shows pages 1-2 of the document.
Unlock all 6 pages and 3 million more documents.

Already have an account? Log in

o worked for wealthy widow Khadija ± eventually married Khadija ± recounts first religious experiences to

her

o Khadija = first Muslim

o Diplomat, trustworthy ± Muhammad

o During retreat ± meditate in cave ± angel grasps him and demands of him to read/recite ± muhammad =

terrified ± actually the angel GABRIEL ± returns from cave and talks to Khadija ± over the course of time,

realizes that those encounters are direct revelations ± mission proposed by god to become last prophet

o Comes to be more confident in his experiences ± feels that he should spread word to entire Mecca

society

o Mecca unsure ± it would lead to a great change in Mecca society ± feared society of religious and

economic status of Mecca ± WKHUHIRUH0HFFDWULEHUHVLVWHG0XKDPPDG¶VWHDFKLQJV

o 622 CE ± Muhammad is invited to another town to arbitrate a dispute of the townspeople because of his

diplomatic skill ± move to the city of MADINAH (city of the prophet) ± marks the beginning of the Muslim

o HIJRA ± ³IOLJKW´± 0XKDPPDG¶VHVFDSHIURP0HFFDWR<DWKULE

o Now in a hospitable environment ± FKDQFHWRSUHDFKDOOWKDWKH¶VEHHQOHDUQLQJIURPUHYHODWLRQVIURPJRG

± gets to set up a paladin for what Muslim society should look like

o A.H. ± After Hijra

o Lead my messenger of god ± the state is being run by theocratic structure ± provides opportunity to

develop an ideal Muslim society

o Trial and error:

 Muhammad tries to follow Jewish practices (praying in the direction of Jerusalem) ± as time goes

RQWKH-HZLVKOHDGHUVKLSGRHVQ¶WUHIOHFWSURSKHW- hood of Muhammad ± Madinah = separate

practices ± e.g. holiday of Ramadan, prayers in the direction of Mecca

November 15th 2006

- Mecca Æ Madina = HIJRA

- Establish a community and set up foundation for how a muslim community might live

- 10 years of relative peace ± larger society that is receptive to the message of Islam

- political and civil administration

- 1st rehearsals of ritual practices

- IMPORTANT PERIOD ± Muslims look back at this event as a utopia - instruction on civil administration,

government affairs, economical affairs

- Madina ± Secure home

- Muhammad in better position to negotiate

- Him and group undertake a series of battles ± muslims outnumbered by meccans but still is victorious and take

over mecca

- 632 ± Muhammad dies

- Muhammad ± founder of islam tradition ± first and foremost a religious leader (messenger of god) ± political and

civil leader

- Muslims all over the world look to the life and example of Muhammad for inspiration and guidance

- 0DQ\OHJHQGVDQGVWRULHVDVVRFLDWHGWR0XKDPPDG¶VOLIH± made into a text = HADITH

- 1000s of legends ± discussing all aspects of life

o need to determine which are authentic ± scholarly activity

- 632 ± small community without a leader

o Muslims needed a leader so Islam practices will not deteriorate

o CALIPHATE/KAHALIFAT

o Khalif ± leader of the community ± both a religious and political leader ± authorized by community to

guide community on religious and political affairs ± chosen by elders of the community

o 1st Khalif ± $EX%DNU0XKDPPDG¶VIULHQGUHLJQZDVVKRUWDERXWD\HDU± consolidate enter peninsula

under the rule of Islam

o 2nd ± Vmer ± 1st actual administrator of rapidly expanding empire ± by the end of rule ± Palestine, Egypt,

Iran, Iraq ± centers of Muslim learning

o 3rd ± Uthman ± seeds of conflict and disagreement ± contested by several groups ± corruption ± Uthman

assassinated by angry mob

o 4th ± Ali ± son in law of Muhammad

- 4 rightly guided Khalifs

- Community separates after them:

o Sunni ± majority (Saudi Arabia, Africa)

x %HOLHYHWKDW.KDOLILVFKRVHQPDQRI0XKDPPDG¶VWULEH± Quraysh)

o 6KL¶L(Shia) ± those that broke away from the majority (Iran, Iraq, South Asia) ± 10-15% today

www.notesolution.com

Unlock document

This preview shows pages 1-2 of the document.
Unlock all 6 pages and 3 million more documents.

Already have an account? Log in

Document Summary

1. 3 1. 4 billion muslims around the world. 2nd largest religion fastest growing religion in the world. India 2nd, pakistan 3rd, bangladesh 4th etc. 600 million muslims in canada, mostly in toronto. Islam arabic word means submission/surrender the ideal of a person perfecting islam is that he/she surrenders to god. Traces (lineage) back to hebrew patriarch abraham genetic. Abraham = central figure of islam view relationship with god as being the (paradine) norm of how all human beings should be with god. S denies that jesus was the son of god. S denies the divinity of jesus (just an advance prophet) Ismail before islam, the shrine = pilgrim image after islam kahbah taken over and dedicated to one sacred god today is still big pilgrimage site cosmopolitan city. S muhammad tries to follow jewish practices (praying in the direction of jerusalem) as time goes.

Related Questions

1. What is Mohammed's occupation?

Muhammad ibn Abdulah was an Arab religious, social, and political figure who is credited with founding Islam as the world religion. He was sent to preach and authenticate the monotheistic teachings of Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets, according to Islamic religion.

2. Where is Mohammed's family and how many years has he been separated from them?

isaiahhh810

Over the years, Axiata Group Bhd has gained a sizeable foothold in the emerging markets of Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Cambodia, India and most recently Nepal. However, investors are more focused on the challenges Axiata is facing on the home front, which contributed 65.3% of normalised net profit in 1H2016. This year alone, Axiataâs home company, Celcomâs normalised net profit fell 25.4% due to stiff competition especially from Telekom Malaysia Bhd, DiGi.Com Bhd and U Mobile Sdn Bhd. Against this backdrop, Axiata has trimmed its dividend this year to keep its capital expenditure (capex) plans on track. Subsequently, there were reports last week that Axiata plans to raise US$700 million in cash by reducing its holdings in some foreign operations. Axiata last month declared an interim dividend of five sen per share, down from eight sen previously. If the company maintains its final dividend at 12 sen per share, that would give a total dividend payout of 17 sen, down 15% from the previous year. Since most telcos have been labelled dividend stocks, the reduction of the dividend has put some selling pressure on Axiataâs share price, which has fallen 12.6% year on year (y-o-y) to close at RM5.32 last week. Some analysts are concerned about further dividend cuts however unlike its peers, DiGi.Com Bhd and Maxis Bhd, Axiata is not a pure dividend yield counter. The groupâs foreign investments businesses have been slow however they are in the most populous countries in the world. Axiata has a 66.4% stake in PT XL Axiata Tbk in Indonesia that serves 42 million subscribers. It also has 19.8% equity interest in India-based Idea Cellular Ltd that serves a whopping 172 million subscribers. In Bangladesh, Axiataâs 91.59%-controlled Robi Axiata Ltd serves 28.3 million subscribers and also has an 83.32% stake in Sri Lankaâs largest mobile operator, Dialog Axiata Plc, that serves 10.9 million subscribers. In Cambodia, 95.3%-controlled Smart Axiata Co Ltd serves 7.6 million subscribers and the recently concluded 80% acquisition of Ncell Private Ltd gives Axiata another 13 million subscribers in Nepal. To top these off it has 28.32% stake in Singaporeâs M1 Ltd, which has 2.06 million customers, and Axiata is one of the largest and most diversified telcos in Asia in terms of population coverage. Some investment analysts do not find that attractive, simply because Axiata needs to pour in a lot of money before this large pool of subscribers generates the desired profit. Axiata has already spent RM2.29 billion in capex in the first half of this year and is expected to spend RM5.7 billion for the full year. It is interesting to note that the bulk of the capex has been focused on Indonesiaâs XL and Bangladeshâs Robi. At the same time, Indonesia-listed XL has also been one of the worst performing for Axiata in terms of earnings contribution. One reason is the costly but necessary shift from legacy services to data. Based on Axiataâs current gearing the acquisition of Ncell has lifted Axiataâs gross debt-to-Ebitda of 2.46 times and net debt-to-Ebitda of 1.53 times. While there is not much headroom, it is still within the 2.5 times gross debt-to-Ebitda ceiling that would concern ratings agencies. Note that Axiata has over RM8 billion in cash on hand. Moodyâs on Sept 1 maintained Axiataâs long-term Baa2 rating. âLeverage increased to 2.7 times in 1H2016 from 2.3 times in December 2015 primarily a result of its partial debt-funded acquisition of Ncell in April 2016,â Moodyâs report says. Furthermore, Moodyâs expects Axiataâs gross gearing to return to 2.3 times over the next 12 months, âwhen considering a full-year contribution from Ncell and steady growth in Axiataâs key marketsâ. Axiata is still expected to reduce its gearing. Question 1:Based on the case information, analyze the key concerns for Axiata. Question 2:What are the possible strategic options Axiata may adopt to reduce its gearing or debt level? Question 3:As a stock analyst, comment on Axiataâs current and future position. Question 4: Provide your recommendation (Buy or Sell) for Axiataâs stocks? Justify your recommendation.

tankangaroo734

Question 2:What are the possible strategic options Axiata may adopt to reduce its gearing or debt level? home / study / business / finance / questions and answers / over the years, axiata group bhd has gained a sizeable ... Question: Over the years, Axiata Group Bhd has gained a size... Bookmark Over the years, Axiata Group Bhd has gained a sizeable foothold in the emerging markets of Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Cambodia, India and most recently Nepal. However, investors are more focused on the challenges Axiata is facing on the home front, which contributed 65.3% of normalised net profit in 1H2016. This year alone, Axiataâs home company, Celcomâs normalised net profit fell 25.4% due to stiff competition especially from Telekom Malaysia Bhd, DiGi.Com Bhd and U Mobile Sdn Bhd. Against this backdrop, Axiata has trimmed its dividend this year to keep its capital expenditure (capex) plans on track. Subsequently, there were reports last week that Axiata plans to raise US$700 million in cash by reducing its holdings in some foreign operations. Axiata last month declared an interim dividend of five sen per share, down from eight sen previously. If the company maintains its final dividend at 12 sen per share, that would give a total dividend payout of 17 sen, down 15% from the previous year. Since most telcos have been labelled dividend stocks, the reduction of the dividend has put some selling pressure on Axiataâs share price, which has fallen 12.6% year on year (y-o-y) to close at RM5.32 last week. Some analysts are concerned about further dividend cuts however unlike its peers, DiGi.Com Bhd and Maxis Bhd, Axiata is not a pure dividend yield counter. The groupâs foreign investments businesses have been slow however they are in the most populous countries in the world. Axiata has a 66.4% stake in PT XL Axiata Tbk in Indonesia that serves 42 million subscribers. It also has 19.8% equity interest in India-based Idea Cellular Ltd that serves a whopping 172 million subscribers. In Bangladesh, Axiataâs 91.59%-controlled Robi Axiata Ltd serves 28.3 million subscribers and also has an 83.32% stake in Sri Lankaâs largest mobile operator, Dialog Axiata Plc, that serves 10.9 million subscribers. In Cambodia, 95.3%-controlled Smart Axiata Co Ltd serves 7.6 million subscribers and the recently concluded 80% acquisition of Ncell Private Ltd gives Axiata another 13 million subscribers in Nepal. To top these off it has 28.32% stake in Singaporeâs M1 Ltd, which has 2.06 million customers, and Axiata is one of the largest and most diversified telcos in Asia in terms of population coverage. Some investment analysts do not find that attractive, simply because Axiata needs to pour in a lot of money before this large pool of subscribers generates the desired profit. Axiata has already spent RM2.29 billion in capex in the first half of this year and is expected to spend RM5.7 billion for the full year. It is interesting to note that the bulk of the capex has been focused on Indonesiaâs XL and Bangladeshâs Robi. At the same time, Indonesia-listed XL has also been one of the worst performing for Axiata in terms of earnings contribution. One reason is the costly but necessary shift from legacy services to data. Based on Axiataâs current gearing the acquisition of Ncell has lifted Axiataâs gross debt-to-Ebitda of 2.46 times and net debt-to-Ebitda of 1.53 times. While there is not much headroom, it is still within the 2.5 times gross debt-to-Ebitda ceiling that would concern ratings agencies. Note that Axiata has over RM8 billion in cash on hand. Moodyâs on Sept 1 maintained Axiataâs long-term Baa2 rating. âLeverage increased to 2.7 times in 1H2016 from 2.3 times in December 2015 primarily a result of its partial debt-funded acquisition of Ncell in April 2016,â Moodyâs report says. Furthermore, Moodyâs expects Axiataâs gross gearing to return to 2.3 times over the next 12 months, âwhen considering a full-year contribution from Ncell and steady growth in Axiataâs key marketsâ. Axiata is still expected to reduce its gearing. Question 1:Based on the case information, analyze the key concerns for Axiata. Question 2:What are the possible strategic options Axiata may adopt to reduce its gearing or debt level? Question 3:As a stock analyst, comment on Axiataâs current and future position. Question 4: Provide your recommendation (Buy or Sell) for Axiataâs stocks? Justify your recommendation.

roseduck68

RLG100Y1 Lecture : Lecture on Islam, November 22nd, November 27th

Document Summary

Get access

Related Documents

RLG100Y1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: Sunnah, Quraysh

RLG100Y1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 20: Dhikr

RLG100Y1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Quraysh

Related Questions