ENV100H1 Chapter Notes -Air Pollution, Sea Level Rise, Grater

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pucecod518

24 May 2012

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UTSG

Department

School of Environment

Course

ENV100H1

Professor

Stephen Scharper

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ENV100H1 Full Course Notes

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Emerging threats to human health from global environmental change pg 121-150. Deforestation in the amazon basin increases the breeding habitat of anopheles (the main principle of malaria. The application of fertilizer to agricultural lands causes increased malaria exposure well downstream. Addition of nutrients, mainly phosphorus, to wetlands downstream of agricultural lands causes a transition from short, spare vegetation to denser vegetation dominated by cattails. Schistosmiasis is caused by parasitic worms that spend part of their life cycle in freshwater snails and then leave the snails to penetrate the skin of ppl who enter contaminated water. The diseases can damage liver, lungs intestines and bladed and infects 200 mil of ppl. Between 1956 when the project began and 1966 the prevalence of urinary schitosmiasis in children in the region went from0 to 70% Some of these new exposure pathways have little to do with changes in the natural world.

Related Questions

Help please! Explain answers if possible. thanks

Tundra plants rely on vegetative reproduction or autogamy for reproduction. Why? (find out what autogamy is)

A. vegetative reproduction and autogamy greatly increase genetic diversity.

B. There must be low numbers and unreliability of pollinators.

C. these two reproduction methods make the plants more adaptable to changing conditions.

D. outbreeding only weakens subsequent generations.

What is meant by the word 'sustainability'

A. returning the natural environment to pre-industrial conditions

B. increasing agricultural output to feed the growing human population

C. preventing excessive urban developments

D. maintenance of a healthy environment and reasonable standard of living

What is the main reason so many species are currently under threat of extinction?

A. extinctions are cyclic, and we are in a peak now
B. habitat destruction and transformation
C. lack of appropriate ecosystem services
D. overhunting and overfishing by humans

In the amphidromous snail species, Neritina punctulata, the adults lay egg masses on stream rocks which then release larvae which are washed into the sea. The larvae which survive predation in the marine environment 'settle' as tiny snails in the marine habitat. They are herbivorous, scraping organic material (mainly diatoms and other algae) off of rocks.

My summer field team did a study and found that a population of these had its greatest density and had the largest individuals in the mouth of a stream that was entering the Caribbean. The population density declined and the snails were smaller with increase in distance from the stream mouth along the shoreline.

The snails, at time, would begin a slow migration up the stream, continuing to grow as the migrated kilometers up the streams into the mountains. After a terrible flood all specimens of these were absent from the lower parts of the stream and none could be observed near the stream mouth. Yet in the uppermost reaches of the headwaters, the largest adults were still present, continuing to lay egg masses. In two years stream populations had recovered.

What evolutionary advantages can you think of for this life history pattern?

What kinds of differences do these individual snails adapt to as they move from cool freshwater to warm marine environments and then back to cool freshwater to complete their lives? Can you think of physical or chemical gradients to which they must adapt? What are these? Explain your reasoning.

'Thinking cap question': Some of the other species of Neritina are strictly marine and do not exhibit this behavior. Evolutionarily, what could be a plausible explanation for amphidromy in these snails?

What are the effects of world hunger? world hunger simply means that there are lots of people with an insufficient amount of food. World hunger has become a major problem nowadays. It is presented in media to the public and, as a result, people behave become aware of it. World hunger has serious social and environmental effects, but there is also some solution.

Some of the social effects of world hunger are malnutrition and illiteracy. When a human body does receive a daily sufficient amount of nutrients, it will not do its functions well. If this condition remains for a long time, the body will eventually die. According to Ziegler(2007) in 2006, hunger and diseases resulted from it were the main death cause of 36 million people (para2). Also, people who do not have enough food have few chances to go for education because obviously, they will not be financially mentally, and physically ready to study.

Some of the environmental effects of world hunger are logging and agriculture. Result in trees many services to the environment where there are they are in industrial areas absorb carbon dioxide and provide us with oxygen, which in agricultural areas are in addition to the above work windbreaks to protect crops and provide shade and provide us with wood, and dead trees in the forest other services important to the environment they lose their leaves periodically and the fallen leaves decomposed "humus" feeds the soil and maintains soil fertility, which provides a constant temperature of about wild animals that find shelter forest, a place suitable for life. According to Harcurt(2011) "many of these great impact on agricultural production and hence nutrition"(para3).
And forests from renewable resources, which goes a lot of human trees to get wood for the furniture industry, paper, and clothing.
Has resulted in over-cutting of trees and forest degradation and its orientation towards drought

Some of the solutions for world hunger are even though the government is doing a lot of solutions to reduce world hunger still are facing this problem. The solution is that government should have to pay all basic expenses to under 18 and over 50 and also give enough employment to young people. Accordingto Ziegler (2007) everyone should work together to find a solution to this problem(para4).
One another solution for decrease world hunger is government should give equal and free education to all citizens even they are rich or poor.

In conclusion: The government should help world hunger or poverty to support people with food and money. Also, someone must fix problems such as health or education to prevent hunger. Also, climate change should make the environment better. If everyone helps us to support people with money or food we won't find world hunger.

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ENV100H1 Chapter Notes -Air Pollution, Sea Level Rise, Grater

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