robert12

robert12

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Critical Thinking Case
WILL A NEW RESERVATION SYSTEM TRANSLATE TO HIGHER PRICES FOR 
TRAVELERS?
American Airlines, one of the top three airlines in the United States and a major international 
carrier via strategic alliances with leading carriers around the world, was founded in 1930 as 
American Airways. As an innovative leader in air travel, American Airlines started the frequent 
flyer program in 1981. Since then, every major airline in the world has adopted some form of a 
frequent flyer program. In late 2010, American Airlines once again took the lead in an airline 
initiative that could change the way consumers search for and ultimately purchase airline tickets.
In an eff ort to reduce distribution costs, gain greater control over the marketing of its airline 
tickets, and better meet customer expectations, American Airlines upgraded its reservation system. 
In making the upgrade, the company expected third party travel operators such as Expedia, Orbitz, 
and Priceline to follow suit. The Reservation System Consumers want low fares while also having 
the ability to customize their itineraries. Plus, they want to do this themselves and not have to go 
through a travel agent. Via an in-house reservation system called Direct Connect, American 
Airlines will be able to present a variety of individualized options to consumers, including prices, 
fl ight schedule, seat upgrades, lounge access, faster check-in, hotel reservations, and car rentals. 
Direct Connect constitutes a wholesale shakeup of the traditional reservation process that has relied 
historically on global distribution systems (GDS) such as Amadeus, Sabre, Worldspan, and 
Galileo. All of these global distribution systems were designed originally by airlines, but all are 
now operated by independent owners. Middlemen such as Expedia and Orbitz conduct business 
via a GDS and do not want to upgrade their reservation systems to models such as Direct Connect. 
However, the Direct Connect technology will enable airlines to bypass the GDS and avoid paying 
the GDS fees. Airlines stopped paying commissions to travel agents in the 1990s, but the GDS 
model enables travel agents to sell tickets and collect fees from the sale of tickets via the GDS. 
The Dispute In December of 2010, American Airlines announced that it would no longer do 
business with Orbitz. By making this move, Orbitz could no longer sell American Airlines tickets 
on its online booking Web site. At the heart of the dispute was that American Airlines wanted 
Orbitz to use Direct Connect instead of GPS. Orbitz refused to switch reservation processes, so 
American Airlines withdrew its tickets. Beating American Airlines to the punch, Expedia 
announced on January 1, 2011 that American Airlines tickets were no longer an option on 
Expedia.com. Following suit, Sabre dropped American Airlines’ ranking on its site thus making it 
difficult to find American Airlines fares on this GDS. Some say that the bottom line is that 
American Airlines wants travelers to buy directly from its Web site, such as the process utilized 
by Southwest Airlines. From a pricing perspective, the middlemen such as Orbitz and Expedia say 
that this will allow American Airlines to raise ticket prices since customers will not have easy 
access to competitive pricing information. These distributors are charging that American Airlines’ 
new Direct Connect model is anti consumer and anti-choice. Conversely, American Airlines says 
that it will enable lower ticket prices since it will eliminate the cost of the middleman, contending 
that the GDS model used by online travel agencies prevents airlines from offering the lowest 
possible fares. The chief financial officer at US Airways said that his company agreed in principle 
with what American Airlines was doing, citing the importance of lower airline distribution costs. 
Yet this competitive airline recently entered into an agreement with Expedia in which US Airways 
committed to offering all of the airline’s content on Expedia through the GDS model. It could be 
that competitive rivals see this as an opportune time to appear more customer-friendly, in the hopes 
of gaining customer affinity while American Airlines battles it out with the middleman. 
Questions 
1. Identify each channel member’s pricing objective. 
2. What is American Airlines’ pricing strategy?

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Answer the following questions on the text below:


Text to evaluate:
OPINION: No, COVID-19 vaccine passports and mandatory vaccination should not be instated to 'protect the health and safety of Canadians'

New Democratic Party Leader Jagmeet Singh was quoted last week with the suggestion that public servants who refuse the COVID-19 vaccine could be disciplined and ultimately fired using existing collective agreement clauses.
The leader of Canada's most labor-friendly party recommends these worker dismissals in order to "protect the health and safety of Canadians." This logic is so blatantly flawed that it calls Singh's leadership, and that of other Canadian politicians supporting this view, into question. It's so bad that it makes me suspect that these politicians are in the pocket of big pharma. Conflict of interest in government is rife, as well all know.
 

These charlatans want to prevent the unvaccinated from having basic rights like the right to travel, work, and live normal lives. They think we should stab vaccines even into the people that can't be vaccinated according to their own doctors - if they are immunocompromised or have an allergy. What is to become of these people?
It's unclear if the vaccines work, anyway. The trials conducted by the vaccine manufacturers have only recorded whether vaccinated people were less likely to get symptomatic COVID than the unvaccinated. The trials did not check for a reduction in "cases" as measured by positive SARS-CoV-2 tests without symptoms, nor in COVID-19 hospitalizations or deaths.
 

They also did not attempt to understand the impact of the vaccines on transmission. The interim authorization of the vaccines was based on their efficacy in reducing what amounts to cold symptoms in the vaccinated person.
Since the start of the mass vaccinations, researchers worldwide have examined whether vaccination does reduce the spread of COVID as a positive side effect. While it seems plausible that such an effect might occur, the results are meager. Some studies found modest reductions in the spread of the original SARS-CoV-2 variant, a far cry from "stopping" transmission. Those rogue scientists who call the vaccines a miracle cure are certainly not the smartest ones.
With the Delta variant, the effect has further shrunk and in a CDC-funded study, vaccinated individuals carried similar viral loads as the unvaccinated. According to the CDC, people who are double vaccinated can still spread the delta variant. According to recent research, hundreds of people who have been hospitalized with covid have had at least one vaccination. This shows that the vaccine does not prevent the transmission of the virus.
 

Countries like Israel and Iceland that have achieved high vaccination rates in the population are currently seeing their "case" counts rise dramatically. In the last two weeks, Israel's COVID-19 death count is now also following this concerning trajectory. This could have happened only if the vaccine was ineffective. It's clear what we should make of this.
Meanwhile, the province of Ontario with over 70% twice-vaccinated people is preparing for a fourth wave and already has significantly more cases, hospitalizations, and deaths than one year ago, when nobody was vaccinated. Perhaps being vaccinated is making people more willing to engage in risky behavior, so it in fact increases the danger rather than decreasing it.
 

So, what is a vaccine passport supposed to prove? What are vaccination mandates meant to achieve? Before Delta, vaccinated individuals may have been slightly less contagious than the unvaccinated. But with Delta, there does not appear to be a difference in spreading the virus. If anything, the vaccine works to protect the recipient only.
It is therefore nobody's business to know whether another person is vaccinated or not. And there is no reason to expect, pressure, or require another person to "take the jab." The campaign to vaccinate children and young adults is particularly offensive since they bear all the risks from short- and long-term adverse events and obtain no measurable benefits from the shot. Because there is a little protective effect, the advantages for individuals' safety are outweighed by the infringements on individuals' privacy. Expecting people to reveal their vaccine status before going on a plane to prevent covid is like asking people to reveal their financial status before entering a store to prevent thievery. There is no reason to think it would work, it infringes on people's privacy, and it's discriminatory. If this "financial status" policy was suggested by stores no one would accept it. And neither should we accept vaccine passports.
 

Requiring vaccine passports is definitely a step in the wrong direction. Some people have good reasons not to take the vaccine. I can't even pronounce most of the ingredients that go into these medications. Forcing people to be injected with something so unnatural can't be justified. Results from the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) for the period of September 1 to December 12, 2020 show that over 23% of Canadians (excluding residents of the territories) aged 12 and older reported being unwilling to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Since nearly a quarter of Canadians are hesitant, we must respect the will of the people.

 

When we let the government chip away at our freedoms, who knows where it will end. Will the flu vaccine have similar mandates? If so, will our vaccine status also be made public? And if we allow this, what will stop them making all our private health information public, for anyone to see? We need to think carefully, or we could end up with no privacy at all.

 

Questions:

-evaluate the arguments in the article. You can structure this evaluation any way you prefer, for example, in order of when things are mentioned in the article or by theme (e.g., all fallacies in one section, all rhetorical devices in one section). Ensure that you discuss:
-mention any Use of rhetoric/language in the article.
-Evaluate any particular argument types that you recognize(e.g., conditional arguments, categorical arguments, generalizations, causal argument, analogical, that you find in the main text (if there are relevant arguments in supplementary texts that are used to back up the claims in the main text, you can evaluate these too).
-Comment on and evaluate any fallacies you find in the text
-Comment on the strength of any remaining inferences and plausibility of any unsupported premises (may require research)
-Give an overall conclusion of whether the argument is good or bad, weighing up the evidence you have previously evaluated.

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The University of Southern North Dakota Testing department needs to write a grading program for multiple choice test. It should be capable of grading tests with up to 50 questions and for any number of students. The program should grade individual exams and calculate the grade for the student based on the number of questions, each being the same value out of 100. For example, if there are 25 questions each is worth 4. This program must be written in Ada.  

The program must also determine how many times each score was earned on the test.  This is a count or frequency. The program must show the number of students graded and the class average.

 

The program should have 

  • an input file. The program asks the user for the name of the file. The file name is entered at the keyboard. All subsequent data is read from the file.
  • a score frequency count. Every time a score is computed increment a counter for that value. Any score from 0 to 100 is possible (integer only), so the program needs 101 counters!
  • A record type Student_Type containing the student ID and their answers, and t he final grade for the exam.
  • A package containing Student_Type as private and operations for reading Student_Type, grading the exam and displaying the student ID and grade.

 

Behavior not assigned to functions may be done in main.

 

The program will accept the input file name from the keyboard after prompting the user for the file name.

 

The first line in the input files contains the number of questions on the exam, the second the answer key, and all following lines contain the student ids and responses to the questions.

 

The input shown here

 

20

2 1 1 3 4 4 5 3 2 1 2 4 5 2 1 1 3 4 4 2

12345 2 1 1 1 4 4 3 3 2 1 2 4 5 2 2 1 4 4 4 3

23456 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 3 2 1 2 4 5 2 1 2 3 4 4 1

14567 1 2 1 3 4 4 3 3 2 1 2 4 5 2 2 1 4 4 4 2

15678 2 1 2 3 3 4 5 3 1 1 3 4 5 2 1 1 3 4 4 2

16789 2 1 1 3 4 4 5 3 2 1 2 4 5 2 1 1 3 4 4 2

17890 2 1 1 3 4 4 5 3 2 1 2 4 5 2 2 1 4 4 4 3

12245 1 2 1 3 4 4 3 3 2 1 4 4 5 2 2 1 4 4 4 2

12256 2 1 2 3 3 4 5 3 1 1 2 4 5 2 1 1 3 4 4 2

22345 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 3 2 1 2 4 5 2 1 2 3 4 4 1

22456 1 2 1 3 4 4 3 4 2 1 2 4 5 2 2 1 4 4 4 2

13244 2 1 1 3 3 4 5 3 1 1 3 4 5 2 1 1 3 4 4 2

22458 2 2 1 3 4 4 5 3 2 1 2 4 5 2 1 1 3 4 4 2

23678 2 1 3 3 4 4 5 3 2 1 2 4 5 2 2 4 4 4 4 3

24567 2 1 2 3 3 4 5 3 2 1 2 4 5 1 1 2 3 3 4 1

11412 2 1 2 3 3 4 5 3 1 2 2 4 4 2 1 1 3 4 4 2

 

produces this output:

Enter file name:scantron.txt

Student ID    Score

===================

12345          75

23456          80

14567          75

15678          80

16789         100

17890          85

12245          70

12256          85

22345          80

22456          70

13244          85

22458          95

23678          75

24567          70

11412          75

===================

Tests graded = 15

===================

Score     Frequency

===================

100           1

 95           1

 85           3

 80           3

 75           4

 70           3

===================

Class Average = 80

 

 

 (*** Beware!! The data files can vary in number of questions up to 50, and there can be any number (at least 1) of students. Your program must be flexible! ***)

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