How can an electron leap between atomic levels without passing through all the space in between? 

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A light ray, traveling parallel to the axis of a convex thin lens,strikes the lens near its midpoint. After traveling through thelens, this ray emerges traveling obliquely to the axis of thelens

a) such that it never crosses the axis again
b) crossing the axis at a point equal to twice the focallength
c) passing between the lens and its focal point
d) passing through its focal point

Please explain! This question makes no sense to me! "Lifesaver" tothe clearest explanation.

A helium-neon laser emits a beam of unpolarized light that passes through three polarizing filters ( Passing through filter 1 at 0 degrees, passing through filter 2 at 30 degrees, and passing through filter 3 at 90 degrees). The intensity of the initial laser beam is So. A.) what is the intensity of the beam at point A (between 1 and 2)? B.)What is the intensity at point C (after filter 3). C.) If filter number 2 is removed, now what is the intensity of the beam at point C?

A parallel-plate capacitor of capacitance 6.0 x 10^-10 F and ischarged to 4.0V. The spacing between the two plates is 0.2mm.

a) What is the charge on the positively charged plate?

b) what is the electric field in the space between plates?

*Please show all the steps*