BIOL1004 Study Guide - Final Guide: Meristem, Helicase, Beetroot
Molecular Genetics
DNA replication
• Primase, DNA polymerase I, ligase needed
RNA
Use:
• Info needs to get where it is needed (usually not the nucleus)
• DNA is single copy → different genes need to be represented in different
copy numbers
• Less stable, more flexible
• However no backup in case of mutation (single strand)
Transcription
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Translation
Proteins
• Structural
• Regulatory
• Catalytic
Model Organisms
• Research is done to benefit humans
• Research for other organisms is often too difficult (hard to keep alive,
slow reproduction, too large genomes)
Characteristics of model organism
• Representative of many other organisms and processes
• Readily available
• Easy to keep alive
• Reproduces easily and quickly
• Lot of information available
• Genome is sequenced
Modelling
Modelling
Type of
Name of
Characteristics of
Limitations
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organism
organism
organism
Sub cellular
processes
(does not
require
multi
cellularity)
Prokaryotic
cell
E. Coli
Easily obtained, cultured
and manipulated, not
complex
No ER, Golgi or
mRNA splicing
and
cell wall present
Model
eukaryotic
cell
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae
(yeast)
Domesticated for over
4000 years (we know
what it likes, how to
work with it)
Cell wall present
Parasite
Mycoplasma
genitalium
• Minimal organism-
only has genes that are
crucial for maintaining
life (smallest known
genome)
• First artificial
organism
• Modeling life
Cellular
interactions
(does not
require
tissues)
Slime mold
with uni and
multicellular
life stages
Dictyostelium
discoideum
• Can move, follow
signals and solve
problems
• Eat bacteria → when
there is no bacteria to
eat they become
multicellular
Autotrophic
alga with
uni and
multicellular
life stages,)
Chlamydomonas
reinhardtii
• Can move, follow
signals and solve
problems
Has flagellae,
unlike other plants
and requires a
pyrenoid
(organelle that no
other plant has)
Plants
Unicellular
moss
Physcomitrella
patens
• Grows readily in vitro
• Can be blended and
cultured
MODEL
PLANT
Arabidopsis
thaliana (Thale
cress)
• Fast generation time
• Easy to grow
• Has seeds, flowers,
roots, can model
biological
interactions
• Can be grown in test
tubes, on petri dishes
• Only can’t model
forest growth
A.thaliana has a
small genome-
copy number of
genes is not
representative of
most plants
Annual and fewer
specialised
mechanisms for
interacting with
other species than
trees and
perennials do
Model
nitrogen
Medicago
truncatula
• Fast generation time
• Easy to grow
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Document Summary
Dna replication: primase, dna polymerase i, ligase needed. Use: dna is single copy different genes need to be represented in different. Info needs to get where it is needed (usually not the nucleus) copy numbers: less stable, more flexible, however no backup in case of mutation (single strand) Model organisms: research is done to benefit humans, research for other organisms is often too difficult (hard to keep alive, slow reproduction, too large genomes) Characteristics of model organism: representative of many other organisms and processes, readily available, easy to keep alive, reproduces easily and quickly, lot of information available, genome is sequenced. Sub cellular processes (does not require multi cellularity) organism. 4000 years (we know what it likes, how to work with it: minimal organism- only has genes that are crucial for maintaining life (smallest known genome, first artificial. No er, golgi or mrna splicing and cell wall present.