BCH2022 Study Guide - Final Guide: Acetyl-Coa, Claisen Condensation, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

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olivehare589

25 May 2018

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Stage

Location

Inputs

Outputs

ATP

Produced

Glycolysis

Cytosol

Glucose

2 NAD+

2 ADP + Pi

2 x Pyruvate

2 NADH

2 or 4

Krebs Cycle

Mitochondrial

Matrix

Coenzyme A

2 x Pyruvate

6 NAD+

2 FAD+

2 ADP + Pi

Acetyl

Coenzyme A

4CO2

6 NADH

2 FADH2

Electron

Transport

Chain

Cristae

8 NADH

2 FADH2

6 O2

6 H2O

Krebs Cycle

• 2 Pyruvate molecules formed in glycolysis enter mitochondrial matrix

• For every ONE pyruvate molecule produced by glycolysis:

o 2 molecules of CO2

o 3 NADH molecules

o 1 FADH2 molecule

o 1 ATP produced

▪ GTP + ADP → ATP + GDP

▪ GDP + Pi → GTP

o 2H+

• In total, there are 6 CO2 molecules, 10 acceptor molecules and 2 ATP

molecules produced because there are 2 pyruvates produced in glycolysis

• Removes electrons from acetyl Co-A and uses it to form NADH and FADH2

Function of cycle:

• Significant role in both the process of energy production and biosynthesis

• Finishes the sugar-breaking job started in glycolysis and fuels the production

of ATP in the process

• Provision of intermediates for biosynthetic purposes

• NADH generated is fed into oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport)

pathway

• Energy release from oxidation of acetyl CoA

Different Enzymatic Reactions of Cycle

Pyruvate → Acetyl-CoA

• -ve ∆G (favourable reaction)

• Enzyme: pyruvate dehydrogenase

• Cofactors: CoA-SH, NAD+, TPP, lipoate, FAD

• Produce: NADH

• 1 glucose molecule produces 2 pyruvate

Steps

1. Claisen condensation

• methyl group of acetyl-CoA converted to methylene in citrate

• Condensation reaction: acetyl-S-CoA (2C) + oxaloacetate (4C)→ citrate

(6-carbon)

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Document Summary

In total, there are 6 co2 molecules, 10 acceptor molecules and 2 atp molecules produced because there are 2 pyruvates produced in glycolysis: removes electrons from acetyl co-a and uses it to form nadh and fadh2. Ve g (favourable reaction: enzyme: pyruvate dehydrogenase, cofactors: coa-sh, nad+, tpp, lipoate, fad, produce: nadh, 1 glucose molecule produces 2 pyruvate. Steps: claisen condensation, methyl group of acetyl-coa converted to methylene in citrate, condensation reaction: acetyl-s-coa (2c) + oxaloacetate (4c) citrate (6-carbon, enzyme: citrate synthase, hydrolysis of thioester makes forward reaction highly exergonic: large ve. Oh group oxidized to carbonyl, which in turn facilitates decarboxylation by stabilizing carbon ion formed on adjacent carbon: cofactor: nad+ (electron acceptor) nadh. Ve g" (favourable: oxidative decarboxylation, pyruvate-dehydrogenase like mechanism dependent on carbonyl on adjacent carbon, cofactor: nad+ (electron acceptor) nadh, coa-sh. Energy yield per cycle: direct phosphorylation, gdp + pi gtp (1)

Related Questions

The complete conversion of a molecule glucose to six molecules of carbon dioxide via glycolysis and the Krebs cycle requires 19 reactions. Put the reactions that are given below in the proper order, beginning with the phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate and ending with the oxidation of malate to form oxaloacetic acid.

1) 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + ADP --> 3-phosphoglycerate + ATP
2) fumarate + H₂O --> malate
3) isocitrate + NAD⁺ --> alpha-ketoglutarate + NADH + H⁺ + CO₂
4) phosphoenol pyruvate + ADP --> pyruvate + ATP
5) Succinyl-CoA + GDP + P_i --> succinate + GTP + CoASH
6) glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + NAD⁺ + P_i --> 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + NADH + H⁺

Thank you for the help!

tealleopard702

QUESTION 1

Which of the following is the correct order of the three stages of cellular respiration?

	a.	Krebs cycle, glycolysis, electron transport
	b.	electron transport, glycolysis, Krebs cycle
	c.	Krebs cycle, electron transport, glycolysis
	d.	glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport
	e.	electron transport, Krebs cycle, glycolysis

1 points

QUESTION 2

Consider a bacterial cell that performs anaerobic respiration. If that bacterial cell had access to six molecules of glucose to use, how many ATP molecules would it be able to produce?

	a.	2
	b.	34
	c.	36
	d.	6
	e.	12

1 points

QUESTION 3

The oxygen that organisms need to live is used exclusively in which of the following metabolic pathways?

	a.	Electron transport chain
	b.	Anaerobic respiration
	c.	Glycolysis
	d.	Krebs cycle
	e.	ATP-Synthase

1 points

QUESTION 4

The electron transport chain uses the energy in NADH and FADH₂ to pump H⁺ ions from the matrix to the innermembrane space. The H⁺ gradient is then used to power ATP-Synthase. Enough H⁺ is pumped from the energy in a molecule of NADH to produce ______ ATP molecules, while enough H⁺ is pumped from the energy in a FADH₂ molecule to produce ______ ATP molecules.

	a.	three; two
	b.	three; three
	c.	two; two
	d.	two; three

1 points

QUESTION 5

Which of the following list contains only products of cellular respiration?

	a.	glucose, oxygen, ADP
	b.	ATP, carbon dioxide
	c.	oxygen, ADP, carbon dioxide
	d.	ATP, glucose, oxygen
	e.	glucose, ATP

1 points

QUESTION 6

What powers the enzyme ATP-Synthase?

	a.	NADH molecules
	b.	oxygen (O₂)
	c.	ATP
	d.	NADH and FADH₂ molecules
	e.	The H⁺ gradient between the matrix and inner-membrane space

1 points

QUESTION 7

Organisms exist which are able to survive using only glycolysis (i.e. without using oxidative phosphorylation).

True

False

1 points

QUESTION 8

Each ADP molecule contains ________ phosphates, and each ATP molecule contains ________ phosphates.

	a.	three; three
	b.	two; two
	c.	one; two
	d.	two; three
	e.	one; three

1 points

QUESTION 9

Adding a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP is an endergonic reaction.

True

False

1 points

QUESTION 10

The majority of ATP produced during cellular respiration is produced during glycolysis.

True

False

1 points

QUESTION 11

Glycolysis occurs:

	a.	on enzymes located in the inner-membrane.
	b.	in the cytosol.
	c.	in the inner-membrane space.
	d.	in the nucleus of the cell.
	e.	in the matrix of mitochondria.

1 points

QUESTION 12

Muscle soreness associated with strenuous exercise is due to:

	a.	the production of alcohol during anaerobic respiration.
	b.	a buildup of lactic acid.
	c.	an excessive amount of ATP that builds up during exercise.
	d.	the large amounts of CO₂ building up in the muscle.

1 points

QUESTION 13

A required reactant for glycolysis is:

	a.	the electron transport chain.
	b.	carbon dioxide.
	c.	oxygen.
	d.	NAD+.
	e.	mitochondria.

1 points

QUESTION 14

NADH is produced in all of the following except:

	a.	the electron transport chain.
	b.	the Krebs cycle.
	c.	glycolysis.

Question 1 Organisms exist which are able to survive using only glycolysis (i.e. without using oxidative phosphorylation).
True
False

Question 2 Glycolysis occurs:
a. in the matrix of mitochondria.
b. in the inner-membrane space.
c. in the cytosol.
d. in the nucleus of the cell.
e. on enzymes located in the inner-membrane.

Question 3 Muscle soreness associated with strenuous exercise is due to:
a. the large amounts of CO2 building up in the muscle.
b. an excessive amount of ATP that builds up during exercise.
c. a buildup of lactic acid.
d. the production of alcohol during anaerobic respiration.

Question 4 Each ADP molecule contains ________ phosphates, and each ATP molecule contains ________ phosphates.
a. two; three
b. two; two
c. three; three
d. one; three
e. one; two

Question 5 The oxygen that organisms need to live is used exclusively in which of the following metabolic pathways?
a. Glycolysis
b. Electron transport chain
c. Krebs cycle
d. Anaerobic respiration
e. ATP-Synthase

Question 6 NADH is produced in all of the following except:
a. the electron transport chain.
b. glycolysis.
c. the Krebs cycle.

Question 7 Consider a bacterial cell that performs anaerobic respiration. If that bacterial cell had access to six molecules of glucose to use, how many ATP molecules would it be able to produce?
a. 36
b. 6
c. 12
d. 34
e. 2

Question 8 The majority of ATP produced during cellular respiration is produced during glycolysis.
True
False

Question 9 What powers the enzyme ATP-Synthase?
a. The H+ gradient between the matrix and inner-membrane space
b. ATP
c. oxygen (O2)
d. NADH molecules
e. NADH and FADH2 molecules

Question 10 Which of the following list contains only products of cellular respiration?
a. ATP, glucose, oxygen
b. ATP, carbon dioxide
c. oxygen, ADP, carbon dioxide
d. glucose, ATP
e. glucose, oxygen, ADP

Question 11 Adding a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP is an endergonic reaction. True False

Question 12 The electron transport chain uses the energy in NADH and FADH2 to pump H+ ions from the matrix to the innermembrane space. The H+ gradient is then used to power ATP-Synthase. Enough H+ is pumped from the energy in a molecule of NADH to produce ______ ATP molecules, while enough H+ is pumped from the energy in a FADH2 molecule to produce ______ ATP molecules.
a. two; three
b. three; three
c. three; two
d. two; two

Question 13 Which of the following is the correct order of the three stages of cellular respiration?
a. glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport
b. Krebs cycle, electron transport, glycolysis
c. electron transport, Krebs cycle, glycolysis
d. electron transport, glycolysis, Krebs cycle
e. Krebs cycle, glycolysis, electron transport

Question 14 A required reactant for glycolysis is:
a. carbon dioxide.
b. mitochondria.
c. NAD+.
d. the electron transport chain.
e. oxygen.

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BCH2022 Study Guide - Final Guide: Acetyl-Coa, Claisen Condensation, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

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