BCH2022 Study Guide - Final Guide: Anaerobic Respiration, Lactic Acid, Glycolysis

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25 May 2018

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Aerobic Cellular Respiration

Stage

Location

Inputs

Outputs

ATP

Produced

Glycolysis

Cytosol

Glucose

2 NAD+

2 ADP + Pi

2 x Pyruvate

2 NADH

2 or 4

• Glucose6-phosphate → pyruvate

Why ATP is required for preparatory steps of glycolysis

• 2 ATP is needed to power glycolysis and raise glucose to a higher, more

unstable, energy state.

Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

• Does not break down glucose as completely as aerobic cellular respiration

does

• Get less energy released

• First undergoes Glycolysis then different between plants and animals

• When oxygen not present, pyruvate is converted via anaerobic pathway

Name

Organism

Input

Waste

ATP

Limiting

Factor

Alcohol

Fermentation

Plants in

yeast

Glucose

Ethanol + CO2

Alcohol is

toxic to plants

and cannot

accumulate

C6H12O6➔

2CH3CH2OH + CO2 + 2 ATP

Lactic Acid

Fermentation

Animals

Glucose

Lactic Acid

Lactic acid

causes muscle

cramps and

soreness in

tissue

C6H12O6➔

2CH3CH(OH)COOH + 2 ATP

Fate of pyruvate

• Anaerobic

o Lactate (active skeletal muscles)

o Ethanol (microorganism)

Alcohol Fermentation

• CO2 is removed from pyruvate, creating acetaldehyde

• NADH gives a proton to acetaldehyde, creating ethanol

• Therefore, the produces of alcohol fermentation are 6CO2, ethanol and 2ATP

C6H12O6➔

2CH3CH2OH + CO2 + 2 ATP

Lactic Acid Fermentation

• During strenuous activity, cells initiate anaerobic respiration

• Lactate may accumulate in muscles and decrease the pH

• When rest occurs and oxygen demands of cells are met, pyruvate goes through

Krebs Cycle

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Glycolysis

• Purpose: to make energy

• Do it when lots of glucose → stimulate insulin to remove glucose out of blood

system

• Happens in all organism (with our without O2) (universal pathway of glucose

catabolism

• Conversion of one glucose molecule into two 3-C pyruvate molecules

• What metabolic conditions turn the pathway on and off?

• What are the control points for regulating the pathway?

o Reactance, products and enzyme name of each regulatory step

o Additional regulatory molecules involved (vitamins, cofactors)

o Make sure you know how every step that makes or uses ATP

Connection to Other Pathways

1. The glycolytic pathway may be considered as the preliminary step before

complete oxidation.

2. The glycolytic pathway provides carbon skeletons for synthesis of non-

essential amino acids as well as glycerol part of fat.

3. Most of the reactions of the glycolytic pathway are reversible, which are also

used for gluconeogenesis.

Preparatory Phase – 5 steps

• Energy consuming

• Phosphorylation of glucose (addition of phosphate) and its

• 1 glucose + 2 ATP → 2 glyceraldehyde-3-P + 2 ADP

• Reactions

o 2 phosphorylations (1,3)

▪ Irreversible

▪ ATP: substrate

▪ Good point for regulation to occur

o 2 isomerizations (2, 5)

o 1 aldol cleavage (4)

Why ATP is required for preparatory steps of glycolysis

• 2 ATP is needed to power glycolysis and raise glucose to a higher, more

unstable, energy state.

Steps

1. Phosphorylation of Glucose

• Enzyme: hexokinase

o Uses ATP energy source → adds phosphate molecule

o Works more efficiently at lower glucose concentration (in

skeletal muscle)

o Allosterically inhibited by G-6-P

• Traps glucose in cells

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o Glucose-6

o -phosphate can’t movie (stuck) due to phosphate

• Cofactor: Mg2+

• -ve ∆G’˚ (exothermic)

o Highly thermodynamically favourable/irreversible

2. Phosphohexose Isomerization

• +ve∆G’˚ (endothermic)

o Slightly thermodynamically unfavourable/reversible

• Cofactor: Mg2+

• Product concentration kept low to drive forward

3. Priming Phosphorylation

• Enzyme: Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)

o Highly regulated

▪ By ATP, fructose-2-6 biphosphate and other

metabolites

• Cofactor: Mg2+

• Uses energy of ATP

• -ve ∆G’˚ (exothermic)

o Highly thermodynamically favourable/irreversible

o Spontaneous reaction

4. Aldol Cleavage of F-1, 6-bP

• Largely +ve∆G’˚ (endothermic)

o Thermodynamically unfavourable/reversible

• GAP concentration is low to pull reaction forward

5. Triose Phosphate Interconversion

• DHAP  GAP

o For generating ATP

• Completes preparatory phase, rapid

• +ve∆G’˚ (endothermic)

o Thermodynamically unfavourable/reversible

Pay Off Phase – 5 steps

• Each reaction in pay off phase occurs twice per glucose molecule

• Outputs/Net gain of:

o 4 ATP

▪ ATP generated by substrate-level phosphorylation

o 2 NADH + H+

o Two pyruvate molecules

6. Oxidation of GAP

• First energy yielding step in glycolysis

• Enzyme: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

• Cofactors: NAD+ and 2Pi

o Oxidising agent – accepts electrons (reduced)

• Product: 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate: high energy phosphate compound

o Allows net production of ATP via glycolysis

• +ve∆G’˚ (endothermic)

o Thermodynamically unfavourable/reversible

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Document Summary

Anaerobic cellular respiration: does not break down glucose as completely as aerobic cellular respiration does, get less energy released, first undergoes glycolysis then different between plants and animals, when oxygen not present, pyruvate is converted via anaerobic pathway. Alcohol is toxic to plants and cannot accumulate. Lactic acid causes muscle cramps and soreness in tissue. C6h12o6 2ch3ch(oh)cooh + 2 atp: lactate (active skeletal muscles, ethanol (microorganism) Alcohol fermentation: co2 is removed from pyruvate, creating acetaldehyde, nadh gives a proton to acetaldehyde, creating ethanol, therefore, the produces of alcohol fermentation are 6co2, ethanol and 2atp. 2ch3ch2oh + co2 + 2 atp: during strenuous activity, cells initiate anaerobic respiration, lactate may accumulate in muscles and decrease the ph, when rest occurs and oxygen demands of cells are met, pyruvate goes through. Preparatory phase 5 steps: energy consuming, phosphorylation of glucose (addition of phosphate) and its, 1 glucose + 2 atp 2 glyceraldehyde-3-p + 2 adp, reactions, 2 phosphorylations (1,3)

Related Questions

Fill in the blank in the following table:

metabolic cycle	location pro/ eukaryote	components	substrates	products	pathway purpose
embden- meyerhof- parnas (glycolysis)	cytoplasm/ cytoplasm	10 enzymes
pentose phosphate pathway	cytoplasm/ cytoplasm	dozen enzyme	1 Glucose (6 carbon), 1 NADP, 1ATP	1 Ribose-P (5 carbon) + 1CO2, 1NADPH, or sugars, 1 ADP	Nucleotide synthesis, NADPH for anabolism
PDH reaction	cytoplasm/ mitochondria matrix
TCA/ Krebs/ citric acid cycle					generation of high energy electron carriers, provide metabolic precursors
Electron transport chain + ATP synthase (aerobic respiration)
Electron transport chain + ATP synthase (anaerobic respiration)			1Nitrate or sulfate or CO2, 1NADH + ____ ADP Or 1FADH2+ ____ ADP	N2, or NO2 or H2S or CH4 1NAD + ____ ATP Or 1FADH2+ ____ ATP	Generate proton motive forces abd use to generate ATP regenerate NAD+
Fermentation	cytoplasm/ cytoplasm	1 or more enzymes (vary by organism)	1 pyruvate, 1 NADH	1 alcohol or acid (maybe 1 CO2) NAD+	Regenerate NAD+

1. Plants need which of the following to carry on photosynthesis?

a. H2O

b. CO2

c. O2

d. both O2 and CO2

e. both H2O and CO2

2. Organisms that derive their chemical energy either from the process of chemosynthesis or photosynthesis are classified as

a. autotrophs.

b. parasites.

c. heterotrophs.

d. saprophytes.

e. mutualists.

3. The carbon source for organisms that derive their energy from photosynthesis is

a. carbon monoxide.

b. carbon dioxide.

c. hydrocarbons.

d. methane.

e. glucose.

4. The oxygen released in photosynthesis comes from

a. carbon dioxide.

b. glucose.

c. ribulose bisphosphate.

d. water.

5. When chlorophyll a molecules absorb energy, the molecules

a. release electrons.

b. release X-rays.

c. release energy.

d. release electrons and X-rays.

e. release electrons and energy.

6. The flow of what particle across the thylakoid membrane powers the production of ATP?

a. electrons

b. hydrogen ions

c. oxygen

d. carbon dioxide

e. phosphate ions 2

7. The light-independent reactions were discovered by

a. M. D. Hatch.

b. Andrew Benson.

c. Melvin Calvin.

d. Robert Hill.

e. both Andrew Benson and Melvin Calvin.

8. For each six atoms of carbon dioxide fixed in the light-independent reactions, how many molecules of PGAL (phosphoglyceraldehyde) are produced?

a. 2

b. 3

c. 6

d. 12

e. 15

Chapter 7

9. The ultimate source of energy for living things is

a. the Krebs cycle.

b. fossil fuels.

c. the sun.

d. glycolysis.

e. aerobic respiration.

10. When molecules are broken apart in respiration

a. the heat produced is used to drive biological reactions.

b. the oxygen in the compounds that are broken apart is used as an energy source.

c. the energy released in respiration is channeled into molecules of ATP.

d. ATP is converted into ADP.

e. ADP is released as a waste product.

11. ATP

a. can be produced by photosynthesis.

b. is produced in the degradation of organic compounds such as glucose.

c. is generated in anaerobic respiration.

d. is released in aerobic respiration.

e. all of these

12. Which part of the energy-releasing pathway can convert all carbon that enters to carbon dioxide?

a. fermentation

b. glycolysis

c. Krebs cycle

d. electron transport

e. phosphorylation

13. Which liberates the most energy in the form of ATP?

a. aerobic respiration

b. anaerobic respiration

c. alcoholic fermentation

d. lactate fermentation

e. All liberate the same amount, but through different means.

14. Aerobes use ________ as the final electron acceptor in electron transport phosphorylation.

a. hydrogen

b. carbon

c. oxygen

d. H2O 3

15. Glycolysis depends on a continuous supply of

a. NADP.

b. pyruvate.

c. NAD+.

d. NADH.

e. H2O.

16. Glycolysis

a. occurs in the mitochondria.

b. results in the production of pyruvate.

c. occurs in the cytoplasm.

d. occurs in the mitochondria and results in the production of pyruvate.

e. results in the production of pyruvate and occurs in the cytoplasm.

17. The end product(s) of glycolysis is(are)

a. acetyl CoA.

b. carbon dioxide.

c. pyruvate.

d. glucose.

e. glucose and carbon dioxide.

18. Which is capable of being reduced during both glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?

a. NAD+

b. FAD+

c. ADP

d. NADH

e. NADP+

19. The Krebs cycle takes place in the

a. ribosomes.

b. cytoplasm.

c. nucleus.

d. mitochondria.

e. chloroplasts.

20. The breakdown of pyruvate in the Krebs cycle results in the release of

a. energy.

b. carbon dioxide.

c. oxygen.

d. energy and oxygen.

e. energy and carbon dioxide.

ochremole959

_____What is added to a molecule such as ADP when it is phosphorylated?

_____ An anaerobic process in which pyruvate is converted to lactate

_____ A biochemical process that breaks down food molecules to produce other molecules for cellular maintenance.

_____What is the final end product of Glycolysis?

_____ Refers to the potential energy provided by a large hydrogen-cation concentration gradient, and itâs movement across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis.

_____ A molecule that transfers or shuttles electrons during redox reactions.

_____ An organism that can survive in the presence or absence of oxygen.

_____ A type of enzyme that teams with NAD⁺ to remove hydrogen atoms with their electrons.

_____ The loss of electrons from one molecule to another.

_____ A process in which ATP is produced using the energy stored in concentration gradients.

_____ The products produced during a biochemical reaction that fall between the starting molecule and the end product.

_____ Biochemical process in which a glucose molecule is degraded to two pyruvates.

_____ Short for âreduction/oxidationâ reactions

_____How many pyruvate molecules are produced from a single Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate?

_____ The formation of ATP occurring when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from an organic molecule to ADP.

_____ Organisms that will die in the presence of oxygen.

_____ A term referring to the presence of oxygen.

_____ A series of electron-carrier molecules that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.

_____ A biochemical process in which pyruvate is produced without the presence of oxygen.

20._____ The metabolic cycle that is fueled by Acetyl CoEnzyme A; occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria and supplies most of the NADH molecules that carry energy to the electron transport chain.

_____What is the chemical formula for Cellular Respiration?

_____What environmental condition is necessary for Anaerobic Respiration to occur?

_____Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur in the mitochondria?

_____Where does Glycolysis occur in a cell?

_____ An anaerobic process in which CO₂ is released as a byproduct and ethanol is produced as a product.

_____Where does the Krebs cycle occur in the mitochondria?

_____ The gain of electrons from one molecule to another.

_____ A high-energy fuel molecule that begins the Citric Acid Cycle.

_____What condition is necessary of Aerobic Respiration to occur?

_____ A term referring to the absence of oxygen.

_____What compound is derived from B vitamins, and helps the Acetyl portion of Acetyl CoA into the Krebs Cycle?

_____What is the name of the molecule that channels protons, providing the energy necessary to phosphorylate ADP to ATP?

_____In the blank, write the number of ATP^âs that can be synthesized from 3 NADH molecules.

_____In the blank, write the number of ATP^âs that can be synthesized from a single FADH₂ molecule.

_____What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?

_____What molecule is regenerated during the process of the Krebs Cycle?

_____What enzyme is used to catalyzed the reaction that occurs during the formation of Acetyl CoA?

_____How many pyruvates are produced from a single glucose molecule?

_____How many Acetyl CoA molecules are produced from a single glucose molecule?

_____What is the reduced form of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide?

_____What is the oxidized form of Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide?

42._____ A membrane protein that is used in conjunction with chemiosmosis to produced ATP.

I know that this alot of questions, but it's kinda a last ditch effort. these are the last 42 definitions i have left to answer out of 500 question for my final exam study guide. so whatever help i can get is fine. No explanations needed just what each definition is explaining and thanks in advance ladies and gentlemen.

scarletlocust623

BCH2022 Study Guide - Final Guide: Anaerobic Respiration, Lactic Acid, Glycolysis

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