ANHB2216 Study Guide - Final Guide: Follicular Fluid, Reproductive System, Oocyte
3 Jun 2018
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Course
Professor
Infertility
• Infertility → inability of a couple to conceive after 12 months unprotected
intercourse
• Primary infertility → difficulty conceiving for a couple who have not had a
baby before
• Secondary infertility → inability to become pregnant again when the
same partners have had a baby before
• Causes of infertility
o Male factor → 40%
▪ Sperm production → genetic, infection, lifestyle,
medications
▪ Sperm function → immunological, lifestyle, medications
▪ Sperm to the egg → genetic, immunological, medications
o Female factor → 40%
▪ Ovulation → hormonal imbalances, body weight, stress, age
▪ Tubal → endometriosis, infection
▪ Implantation → immunological, genetic
o Both → 10%
o Unknown → 10%
• Lifestyle factors
o Age
▪ Female
• Decline in egg number
• Increased chromosomal abnormalities
• Decreased capacity to repair DNA damaged sperm
• Uterine factors → less important
o Reduction in uterine blood flow
o Gradual loss of hormonal receptors
▪ Male
• Gradual decline in testosterone
• Increased chromosomal abnormalities
• Decreased sperm quality → concentration, motility,
morphology
• Increase in DNA-damaged sperm
• Increase in oxidative stress → leads to DNA damage,
increase risk of miscarriage
o Body weight
▪ Obese males → mouse models
• Reduced embryo development and quality
• Reduced implantation rates
• Changes due to increased sperm DNA damage
▪ Obese men undergoing ART
• Reduced implantation rates
• Reduced ongoing pregnancies and live births
• Increased pregnancy loss
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