BIOL 3P64 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Insect, Fly, Hemolymph
12 Oct 2018
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BIOL 3P64
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Introductory Insect Biology
• What is an insect?
• Classification
o Kingdom -> Phylum -> Class -> Order -> Family -> Genus -> Species
o 33 Orders recognized by Marshall test
o 28 Orders recognized by Whitfield & Purcell text
o Other sources recognize 26-32 orders
o Example
▪ Honey Bee
• Kingdom= Animalia
• Phylum= Arthropoda
• Class= Insecta
• Order= Hymenoptera
• Family= Apidae
• Genus= Apis
• Species = mellifera
• Taxonomic Endings
o Order -> often -ptera (wing)
o Superfamily-> -oidea
o Family -> idea
o Subfamily-> inae
o Example
▪ Lubber Grasshopper (Romalea guttate)
• Order -> Othroptera
• Superfamily -> Acridoidea
• Family -> Romaleidae
• Subfamily -> Romaleinae
• The Phylum Arthropoda
o Arthro-joint and poda-foot
o Traits
▪ Exoskeleton formed from chitin
▪ External segmentation (1 pair of appendages per segment in development)
▪ Some appendages modified for feeding
▪ Ventral nerve cord and dorsal brain
▪ Haemocoel instead of coelom
▪ Bilateral symmetry
▪ No locomotory cilia
o Hardened external skeleton (exoskeleton) made of protein-chitin cuticle, which covers and
protects the body
▪ Gives rigid support for the attachment of an arthropod’s interal muscles
o Exoskeleton consist of several separated plates connected by thin membranes which form joints
▪ Flexible membranes allow the arthropod to flex its otherwise hardened
body/legs/mouthparts/antennae
o Arthropods will become too large and must shed the exoskeleton
▪ Moulting (Ecdysis)
o Very vunerable to predators at this time
o Most arthropods have eyes
o Most have two separate sexes, however some arthropods
▪ Barnacles are hermaphroditic
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
• Chelicerata
o Spiders, ticks, scorpions, etc
o 2 main body segments
▪ Cephalothorax + abdomen
▪
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
If a leg is removed (juvenile) a new small leg will appear at the next molt: moulting and the brain, corpora allata, produce juvenile hormone, ptth. Lecture set #6: nervous system and circulatory system. A & b: brain and subesophageal ganglion. Abdominal ganglia important for digestion, excretion, reproduction. Insect transmit signals from sensory organs to ganglia. Ganglia sends signals to muscles, causes contractions. Many reflex arcs (neural pathway that controls reflexes), bypass the insect brain. Secretes hormones which initiate events like moutling, sex maturation, diapause (diapause-undergo a period of suspended development. ) Soma- the cell body of a neuron. Axon- propagates electrical impulses away from the soma. Dendrite- conducts electrical impulses into the soma. Glial cells removed unwanted materials around neurons. Unipolar: one protoplasmic process (neurite) extends from the cell body. Bipolar cells are specialized sensory neurons for the transmission of special senses.
