HIST 225 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - City, Veto, Tribune Of The Plebs
12 Oct 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
HIST 225
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
HIST 225
Renee Bouchard
Week 1
• Italy Map: 260000 sq. kilometers
o Know all points on the map, the Alps separate Italy from the rest of Europe. 4 Rivers, Arnos,
Tiber, Valturnus, ilirs?
o Magna Graecia: Great Greece
o The peninsula itself is 1040 km in land, but never more than 200 km wide.
• Agriculture, buildings, 4000 BC
o In Italy there were small conglomerations of people homed with simple huts. Built with
thatching and posts.
o On settlements common finds are tools of stones, animal bones (if hunters), Less than 100
inhabitants in 4000 BC. These huts were found near rivers.
o They planted barley and wheat. Using chemical analysis on vases and other pots to analyze
the pollen.
o They raised sheep, goats, cattle and pigs. (remains of bones have been found, look for
burnishing marks (From boiling) and chopping marks)
o Tools made of wood, bones, and stone. Circa 4000
• Circa 2000 BC:
• We begin seeing copper tools and ornaments. This is when archeologists called this the Roman
Early Bronze Age: 800-1600. Middle Bronze Age: 1600-1300 BC.
• Limited range of tools, weapons, and ornaments of bronze. Weapons now. In the presence of a
warring faction now. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin which means they probably had outside
influence.
• In Sardinia pottery was found. The Mycenaean's influence?
• The Recent Bronze Age: 1300-1200 All of a sudden the settlements begin to change.
o Located on hilltops with ditches and dykes, trying to keep people out. The population grows.
There was now a need for defense, weapons. The settlements were bigger now, so it's
easier to defend themselves. A rich nation brings upon jealousy and war. (Jealousy of
weapons and technology including Bronze brings upon envy)
• The appearance of CITIES
• 7th century BC
• The 9-8th century is named the Iron Age.
• They had alloys for bronze, now they will begin extracting metal from ore, IRON. The extraction of
iron is more sophisticated and difficult. Elaborate techniques. Iron tools were harder and retain
their edges. Iron is cheaper. Bronze is still in use however. Early Iron age began in Etruria, they
people there at the time known as the Villanovans (ancestors of the Etruscans).
o Villanovan weapons and armor have been found. (900 BC)
o They tend to make rough looking pottery with handles. Eventually the Etruscans evolved
from the Villanovans.
o The Villanovans will have smaller settlements located in the mountains. Not everyone has
developed iron, but eventually it will spread.
o In Campagna and the Latium the iron age was here early as well.
• Around 1000 BC:
o Smaller settlements settled on hills, probably a need for defense.
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o Outside contacts effect change in the Villanovans and the Latium.
o 9th-8th century BC we have maritime contact
• Phoenicians: were originally on the coasts of Syria and the coast of Lebanon. They
practiced long distanced trade. They were accomplished sailors. They traded by land
and sea. They had a social and political order. They had city-states like the Greeks but
without democracy. Often ruled by a king. There were priests. Also the association of
powerful Merchants.
• Around 1000, the leaders of the most powerful Phoenician cities, Tyre and Sidon, sent their
traders to the far away lands like Spain. This is how the Phoenicians began to settle in Spain,
Sardinia, the northern Coast of Africa (Carthage 800 BC which would become a powerful enemy of
Rome during the Punic wars).
• Greeks: One of the colonies in Greece became known as "Grai'oi" which later became Greek----
• The Greeks: The Greeks arrived shortly after in great migration. Greece is a very mountainous
country not conducive to culture. There was not enough food and metal so they began to colonize
abroad. They started sending people to places like Etruscans. They need wheat, they need to
trade, and send it back to the original Greek colony.
• Mycenaean Dark Age 775 BC.
• The Island of Pithecusa. The first colony in the Bay of Naples, there was evidence of large scale
iron working. Mining and smelting. This colony traded metal above all.
• Cumae was established in 750 BC. With Cumae it was the first colony on land (not island). They
begin trade with the natives. They go to Campania, Sicily, and other city-states which is why it will
become known as Magna Graecia.
• Corinth, Athens, Sparta. Sparta founded an Italian colony "Tarentum" according to legend, the
Spartan men went off to war, so the women of Sparta repopulated and then sent off the new men
and some women to the new colony in Italy.
• By the Mid 8th century BC. Because of the Greek influence in Etruria, Latium, Campania a series of
political and social changes came about. Changes and innovations in technology. Now the new
Italian city-states. They borrow from the Greeks and Phoenicians and make it their own.
o City-states: Bigger buildings in the center, an elite, markets, military areas, cemeteries,
religious centers.
• The scholars name the period of the beginning of city-states (725-580 BC is called the
Orientalizing period of the Italian Cities.) and from 580-480 it is called the Archaic
Period.
• Roman Writing: In the 8th century. Writing comes to Italy first in Greek Text. The Greeks
borrowed their alphabet from the Phoenicians. By 700 BC, Texts in one or the other languages of
Italy (the two languages being Etruscans and Latin), every little village had its dialect. Latin was not
at the form that Caesar would be speaking it. Very archaic forms. Etruscan we are now not able to
understand well. Etruscan was much more common than Latin at the time.
• We have several hundred texts which is a good amount for that era. Early documents in Latin were
less common. The early texts were short and are difficult to date. They are not very informative
texts. We have texts on stone, bronze, or pottery. No evidence of a bureaucracy.
o As far as the elite are concerned, the end of the 8th century, appearances of great families
in Etruria and Latium. Tombs that show affluence. Influence from Greeks as well as the Near
East. Ivory and designed influenced by the near east.
o Rich armors, pottery, frescoes, paintings showing parties, horses, expensive animals.
• Cities and monumental buildings. 7th century
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Italy map: 260000 sq. kilometers: know all points on the map, the alps separate italy from the rest of europe. Tiber, valturnus, ilirs: magna graecia: great greece, the peninsula itself is 1040 km in land, but never more than 200 km wide, agriculture, buildings, 4000 bc. In italy there were small conglomerations of people homed with simple huts. Built with thatching and posts: on settlements common finds are tools of stones, animal bones (if hunters), less than 100 inhabitants in 4000 bc. These huts were found near rivers: they planted barley and wheat. Circa 4000: circa 2000 bc, we begin seeing copper tools and ornaments. This is when archeologists called this the roman. Limited range of tools, weapons, and ornaments of bronze. In the presence of a warring faction now. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin which means they probably had outside influence.
