BIOL 2030 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Phenotype, Locus Genetics, Zygosity
12 Oct 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
BIOL 2030
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Genetics – Lecture 1
• Transmission: information transmitted from one generation to the next. This is the
biggest part of genetics. (spending the most time) parent offspring relationship
→ They transmit the information on how to make a particular protein that
otriutes to a partiular Tpe of lood. The do’t trasit the atual lood tpe,
that would be the phenotype.
• Cytogenetics: provides the context for understanding the effect of genes on
phenotypes.
• Molecular: biochemistry – molecular structure of DNA and DNA chemistry
repliatio, trasriptio…et. – how genetic information is encoded, replicated,
and expressed. It focuses on the gene and its structure, organization, and function.
• Population: in order to understand biodiversity (phenotypic diversity); the major
leap forward in biology – how we think of populations in term of genetics; focuses
on the locus of a genome that has a major effect on the phenotype. Population
variation for the traits that have multiple genes. It explores the genetic composition
of populations and how that composition changes geographically and with the
passage of time.
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• Cytogenetics: the science of the structure and function of chromosome material
(THREE different types: clinical, molecular, comparative (how chromosomes differ in
species.)
- Reductionism = idea that you can take a complex system, pull it apart, and
understand the function of different components to understand it as a whole
(works).
- Genetic reduction:
The do’t alas get the iforatio that the at i geeti redutio.
Gene sequence – if you know that, then you know everything. This is the
iepoit of a geeti redutioist do’t thik this a!). Ex: plus = non-
mutant; minus = mutant. notation for the genotype.
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
2
Heterochromatin = very condensed, wound structure. Transcriptionally
INACTIVE (information cannot get out) if ou put ifo i, the ou do’t
let info out as enzymes cannot go in.
Euchromatin allow information to go out as enzymes CAN go in.
The wildtype gene is near the heterochromatin in the example
(translocated). Not every cell will have the boundary in the same spot.
Euchromatin → Heterochromatin = gradual tightening of the chromatin,
thus the boundaries will vary.
The same gene may not be able to be expressed if it is located near the
heterochromatin. In a wild-type, the gene is always expressed.
Eerhere its’ hite, the heterohroati eteded eod the gee,
whereas everhere its red, it as’t.
YOU NEED TO know the context of the genes.
Note: exas are’t cuulative.
• Basic Concepts – Genetics:
1. The Gene is the fundamental unit of heredity:
o A gene is a:
a. unit of inheritance
b. location on a chromosome:
→ the cells of each species have a characteristic number of chromosomes.
c. a sequence of base pairs
d. a transcriptional unit
e. a determinant of an organism trait.
o Types of Genes:
a. Protein-coding genes
b. Regulatory signal genes
c. RNA encoding genes.
2. Genotype is different from the phenotype:
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
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