GEOL 1110 Study Guide - Summer 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Earth, Water Cycle, Volcano
GEOL 1110
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Geology 1110 Midterm Study Guide
1. Differentiate between the geocentric model and heliocentric models for the
organization of the universe and the approximate era the different models existed
within
geocentric model – Earth is the centre – 168 AD
Haliocentric model - sun is the centre – 1543 – Galileo times
2. Define the Universe
all of space and energy and the matter within it composed of 100 billion galaxies
3. Define a star
A fixed luminous point in the night sky that is a large, remote incandescent body like the sun,
often ordered in celestial bodies
4. What is a galaxy?
A system of millions or billions of stars, together with gas and dust, held together by
gravitational attraction
What galaxy is Earth found within
The Milky Way Galaxy
5. Explain the Big Bang Theory
a. 13.8 billion years ago, a small, dense and hot point in the Universe, composed of all
matter, brought subatomic particles into existence within seconds.
Within 20 minutes, hydrogen atoms formed, then helium formed, and a 3:1 ratio was formed
(hydrogen:helium)
What is the ratio of hydrogen to helium in the Universe; and why is this
important to the creation of life within the Universe?
3:1 – patchy clouds consisting mainly of helium and hydrogen form the nebulae
6. What is nuclear fusion?
A nuclear reaction in which atomic nuclei of low atomic number fuse to form a heavier
nucleus with the release of energy
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A radioactive element's nuclei spontaneously emits subatomic particles – breaking the nuclei
into two smaller nuclei – this process breaks nuclear bonds and releases energy
7. Describe the expansion of the Universe, is it continuing today or has it stopped?
It is continuing
8. Explain when and how the formation of our solar system occurred
4.57 billion years ago
- created through the nebular process with planets derived in the proplanetary disk
- contained all 92 elements
- materials formed from these atoms and molecules rotate and collide in space
9. What is a protoplanetary disk and how does it differ from a protoplanet and a
planetisimal?
Protoplanetary disk: a rotating cloud of gas and dust surrounding a young star
Protoplanet: a large body of matter in orbit around the sun or a star and thought to be
developing into a planet.
Planetismal: a minute planet; a body that could or did come together with many others under
gravitation to form a planet.
10. List three examples of volatile materials and three refractory materials
Volatile: Hydrogen, Helium, Methane, ammonia, water and carbon dioxide
- remain in gaseous state close to sun
Refractory: Iron, Aluminum, Magnesium, Potassium, Calcium, Silicon
- coalesce into larger particles (block sized) eventually colliding and forming planetismals
11. What percentage of our solar system’s mass is the sun?
99.8%
12. What is meant by a protoplanet clearing the neighbourhood?
13. What is the plane of the ecliptic?
a. the plane in which the Earth orbits. Most of the planets orbit the Sun very nearly in the
same plane
Draw an example using the Earth and Sun
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find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Differentiate between the geocentric model and heliocentric models for the. 1. organization of the universe and the approximate era the different models existed within geocentric model earth is the centre 168 ad. Haliocentric model - sun is the centre 1543 galileo times. Define a star all of space and energy and the matter within it composed of 100 billion galaxies. A fixed luminous point in the night sky that is a large, remote incandescent body like the sun, often ordered in celestial bodies. A system of millions or billions of stars, together with gas and dust, held together by gravitational attraction. Explain the big bang theory: 13. 8 billion years ago, a small, dense and hot point in the universe, composed of all matter, brought subatomic particles into existence within seconds. Within 20 minutes, hydrogen atoms formed, then helium formed, and a 3:1 ratio was formed (hydrogen:helium) 3:1 patchy clouds consisting mainly of helium and hydrogen form the nebulae.
