ANTHROP 2D03 Study Guide - Spring 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Protein, Mutation Rate, Mutation
12 Oct 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
ANTHROP 2D03
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
1
ANT H R O 2 D0 3
AP‘IL 0
[email protected] - CNH 537 5-6:30
• 1856 lime stone miners found craniums in Germany under caves – Dr. Fuhlrott (naturalist) travelled and
showed them off
o Drew them
o Compared to human remains - NAMED THEM NEADERTHAL
▪ trie of the flatheads
o Arm bone also found
• Everyone had a politically slant – 2 main themes about how we came to be
o Replacement – in Africa and moved out of Africa (asia, EU, and Africa)
▪ No communication or gene flow (sex) btwn archaic forms and mod humans
o Assimilation – bulk of who we are is African but there is some communication btwn Asian, African,
and EU
▪ Depended on human uniqueness, species, and if you believed neaderthals
o Were multiple coexisting hominids in Africa, EU, Asia
▪ Erectus
▪ What was the interaction – ids thought it as distitess dot aa e asso.
neaderthals)
• Genetics can help explain relationships – early it said that neaderthals and us are
totally different
• Anthro – study of human society and culture and their development (physical bio)
o Human bio and physiological characteristics and evolution
o Engagement w human diffs from the lived experience (past, present and future) – mac definition
• DNA – relating to or consisting - finish
o What happens when they meet?
• Measure differences in populations on things like scatter plots
o Site sequencing
o One base difference to the next dot which represents different things
o Networks indicate relatedness intra-inter between populations
• Admixture graph
o K=3 – recombination from mom and dad
General introduction of history and molecular anthropology
• DNA
• Why anthros study genetics – pedigree analysis, familial relationships, diseases, phenotypes, epigenetics –
ethylatios you a iheret eets that ur parets et through that doest odify the gee
o How we are related to NHM
o How are we related in deeptime to our ancestors
o A lot of work is in field
• DNA is the ode of life tree of life
o How to compare and contrast inds
▪ Everything has a core genome and can be related to anything
• We are related to yeast
o DNA encodes the genomes of all these organisms
o RNA retrovirus – flu and HIV
• Early 20 – blood groups originally way of studying populations
o 53 – discovery of DNA by watson and crick
o 62 – termed molecular bio
o 63 – 1st molecular evidence of human origins (protein comparison of apes)
o 67 – 1st quantitative comparison still protein
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
2
▪ Population similarity
▪ DNA said 15-39 mya Asian, African apes and humans converged – WRONG
• African apes and humans 5-7 mya converged (further for Asian apes)
• 83 – PCR developed – polymerase chain reaction (carry mullas??? Received nobel prize)
o 83 – 1st study of human variation by DNA sequences (Mitochondria E)
o 1993/4 – started studying human genome
o 2001 – human genome project completed
▪ Took a billion dollars
▪ 99.99 complete
o 2006 – sequencing revolution
o 2008 – neaderthal mtDNA genome
o 2010 – denisovan genome
• Molecular anthro
o Patterns of molecular genetic variation in various contemporary human pops
o Patterns of genetic variation in NHP pops
o Comparisons of humans and NHP genes
o Retrieval of genetic info directly from ancient specimens
o Selection on key genes has shaped our evolution (adaption to altitude)
20TH CENTURY MODELS
• Candelabra – based on structure
o Favoured model of early 20th
o We all shared an ancestor MYA
o Distinct origins
o transitions into mod humans occurred independently in different regions of the world but at the
same time
▪ problem with race
• multiregional evolution
o developed in response to apparent regional continuity in fossil record
o suggest that there was genetic exchange btwn regions of the globe – UNLIKE CANDLEABRA
▪ small amount of gene flow back and forth
▪ Walfpad? Really into it (MI) – his main thing until inds started not liking it
• Replacement
o Single transition to mod humans in Africa
o mtDNA – maternal
▪ Y chromosome for men
▪ In diff societies different inds move
o subsequent global expansion – out of Africa
▪ displacement of any regional archaic humans
• assimilation
o single transition to mod humans in Africa
o subsequent global expansion
o incomplete displacement – local interbreeding w archaic hominins
▪ if you are from Africa you will not have Neanderthal DNA
• how so we assess human diversity
o mtDNA
o Y chromosome haplogroups
o SNP chips (autosomes) – look for variants (reference sequence)
o Entire genomes
• Interspecies comparisons – how do we relate to NHP (great apes)
o Are mod humans different? Different from who
o Srebrenica massacre – ID post mass disaster
• What do we mean by race
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
A n t h r o 2 d 0 3. 1856 lime stone miners found craniums in germany under caves dr. fuhlrott (naturalist) travelled and showed them off: drew them, compared to human remains - named them neaderthal (cid:858)tri(cid:271)e of the flatheads(cid:859, arm bone also found. Site sequencing: one base difference to the next dot which represents different things, networks indicate relatedness intra-inter between populations, admixture graph, k=3 recombination from mom and dad. Everything has a core genome and can be related to anything: we are related to yeast, dna encodes the genomes of all these organisms, rna retrovirus flu and hiv. Population similarity: dna said 15-39 mya asian, african apes and humans converged wrong, african apes and humans 5-7 mya converged (further for asian apes) Received nobel prize: 83 1st study of human variation by dna sequences (mitochondria e, 1993/4 started studying human genome, 2001 human genome project completed.
