BIOLOGY 2F03 Study Guide - Summer 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Rna, Protein, Enzyme
12 Oct 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
BIOLOGY 2F03
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Topics to Know Gr. 12 Biology
Isotopes/Radioisotopes
Organic Molecules
Inter/Intramolecular Forces (ionic, Covalent, Hydrogen, Hydrophobic, hydrophilic, electrostatic
attractions)
Functional Groups
4 Types of Macromolecules (Structure, monomers, polymers, bonding, function)
Monosacchride Isomers (glucose, fructose, galactose /ribose)
Disacchrides (lactose, sucrose, maltose)
Polysacchrides (Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin, pectin)
Lipid/Phospholipid (mono/poly/unsaturated structures)
Steroid/Waxes structure and function
Proteins (glycerol, levels of protein organization, Functions)
Nucleic Acids (DNA vs RNA, nucleotides, structure)
4 Biochemical reactions (neutralization, redox, dehydration, hydrolysis)
Enzyme-Substrate Complex (active site, allosteric, inhibitor, activator, feedback inhibition)
Optimal Enzyme Conditions/Denaturation (Catalase H202-> CO2 gas production lab)
Identify Macromolecule Experiment
-Monosacchride (Benidicts solution, heat Blue(-) Orange (+)
-Polysacchride (Iodine solution Dark Red (-) Black (+)
-Proteins (Biuret reagent Blue (-) Violet/Black (+)
-Lipids (Ethanol, clear(-) White precipate (+)
Properties of Water (universal solvent, cohesion, adhesion, density of ice, hydrogen bonding/polarity,
specific heat capacity, boiling/melting point)
Parts of the Cell (Cytoskeleton, Microtubules, Microfilaments, intermediate filaments,lysosomes ,
peroxisomes, centrioles, golgi, ER, ribosomes, chloroplast, mitochondria,cilia, flagella)
Parts of the nucleus (nuclear pore, envelope, lumen, inner membrane, chromatin, chromosome, nuclear
matrix, nucleoplasm)
Endomembrane System (Nucleus DNA Transcription, Strand goes from Lumen to Rough ER, ribosome
translation to protein, Smooth ER makes lipids,steroids,hormones, ER makes vesicles to Golgi, packages,
secretory vesicle, exocytosis: incoming vesicle, lysosome breaks down, Golgi packages/resuses)
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Peroxisome (Oxidase enzymes) Lysosome (hydrolysis enzymes)- different pH from rest of cell protection
Parts of Mitochondria (Inner/outer membrane, matrix, cristae)
Parts of Chloroplast (stroma, thylakoids, grana, inner/outer membranes)
Fluid Mosaic Model ( glycoproteins, glycolipids, phospholipids, cholesterol, integral proteins, leaflet,
hydrophobic interactions)
Factors affecting membrane permeability (length of tails, saturated/unsaturated, temp., cholesterol,)
Function of Membrane Proteins (Integral- facilitated and active transport, peripheral, cell signaling
hormones, nerves, cell recognition, enzymes)
Passive Transport (osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion channel/carrier protein, Aquaporin for water
chanel)
Factors affecting diffusion (molecule size, polarity, ion charge)
Hypertonic/Hypotonic/Isotonic Solution affects tugor pressure
Active Transport (primary, Na/K pump, secondary H/sucrose symporter, electrochemical gradiant)
Endocytosis/Exocytosis (receptor mediated, pino, phago all use ATP)
Metabolism/ Anabolism/ Catabolism/ Endergonic/Exergonic
Types of Energy (Kinetic, Potential ,Thermal, Bond, chemical)
2 Laws of thermodynamics (conservation, disorder/entropy)
Gibbs Free Energy G=H-TS (free energy = chemical bonds- temp/entropy) Endergonic (G=+) Exer (G=-)
Coupled reactions (exergonic drive endergonic ex. ATP)
Electron Carriers (oxidizing agent, reducing agent)
Aerobic Respiration (glucose + oxygen-> co2 h20 energy)
Substrate level phosphorylation/ Oxidative phosphorylation/Chemiosmosis
Glycolysis (cytoplasm, glucose->2pyruvate, 2ATP,2NADH,2H20) *nadh here only makes 2-3 atp from
transport*
Pyruvate Oxidation (Matrix, 2pyruvate+CoA->2CO2, 2NADH,2Acetyl CoA)
Krebs (2 Acetyl CoA joins w/ oxaloacetate->6NADH,2FADH2,4CO2, 2ATP)
Electron Transport Chain (Proton pumps pump H+ across inner membrane making electrochemical
gradient, electrons transferred through electron carriers to electron acceptor 02, protons go through
ATP synthase through chemiosmosis driving oxidative phosphorylation, H20 is final product) Nadh-3 atp
(2from glycolysis) fadh2 -2atp
Theroretical Yield (36-38 ATP) /Actual (30-32) ; protons leak through membrane, energy used for
pyruvate/nadh transport into mitochondria, atp used to transport atp out of mitochondria)
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Inter/intramolecular forces (ionic, covalent, hydrogen, hydrophobic, hydrophilic, electrostatic attractions) 4 types of macromolecules (structure, monomers, polymers, bonding, function) Enzyme-substrate complex (active site, allosteric, inhibitor, activator, feedback inhibition) Optimal enzyme conditions/denaturation (catalase h202-> co2 gas production lab) Polysacchride (iodine solution dark red (-) black (+) Properties of water (universal solvent, cohesion, adhesion, density of ice, hydrogen bonding/polarity, specific heat capacity, boiling/melting point) Parts of the cell (cytoskeleton, microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments,lysosomes , peroxisomes, centrioles, golgi, er, ribosomes, chloroplast, mitochondria,cilia, flagella) Parts of the nucleus (nuclear pore, envelope, lumen, inner membrane, chromatin, chromosome, nuclear matrix, nucleoplasm) Endomembrane system (nucleus dna transcription, strand goes from lumen to rough er, ribosome translation to protein, smooth er makes lipids,steroids,hormones, er makes vesicles to golgi, packages, secretory vesicle, exocytosis: incoming vesicle, lysosome breaks down, golgi packages/resuses) Peroxisome (oxidase enzymes) lysosome (hydrolysis enzymes)- different ph from rest of cell protection. Parts of chloroplast (stroma, thylakoids, grana, inner/outer membranes)
