HISTORY 1DD3 Study Guide - Summer 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Russian Empire, Paris, Industrial Revolution
12 Oct 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
HISTORY 1DD3
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
The Atlantic Revolutions
Enlightenment
● Rising urban middle classes embraced the New Sciences and their philosophical interpretations;
provides intellectual ammunition for the revolutions + inspiration for creative movements of
romanticism and realism
Origins of the Nation State, 1750-1815
● Glorious Revolution of 1688 in England: divine rights of monarch were curbed
○ Century later: idea of subjects becoming citizens with constitutionally guaranteed rights and
duties, represented by the Parliament spread from Great Britain to North America, France
and Haiti
■ Their revolutions were radical as they rejected traditional monarchy,
royal/parliamentary power and led republican, middle-class or liberated slave
nation-states
■ Revolutions left Great Britain + France in debt = increase in taxes = another
revolution
● Victory in the Seven Years’ War for Britain meant taking over French possessions in Canada and the
Ohio-Mississippi River valley
○ France retreated entirely from the N.A. continent but Britain was more in debt
● 1763: 13 N.A colonies had experienced rapid growth which increased administrative challenges for
the British who had to protect settlers from Native aggression
○ Ongoing post-war economic slump made it worse
○ 1765: introduced Stamp Act; tax on paper to pay for upkeep of standing troops
■ Protests broke out in lower/middle ranks (Daughters/Sons of Liberty)
■ Daughters boycotted British goods and promoted homespun textiles
○ Act withdrawn in 1766 as exports fell, replaced with indirect taxes on commodities like tea
○ Keeps the near-bankrupt East India Company afloat
○ 1773: Boston Tea Party; colonists protested tax by dumping tea into the Boston
Harbour
○ Britain closes harbour, demands restitution and passes Coercive Acts that puts
Massachusetts into bankruptcy
● 1774-1776: Continental Association; colonial assemblies economically boycotted Britain
○ Britain tried to isolate Massachusetts from the Association by seizing arms in Concord
■ Militia of farmers (minutemen) stopped the British and war broke out, appointing
George Washington as commander of the colonists’ troops
○ 1776: issued the Declaration of Independence that declared equality of all men, entitling
them to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness
■ Excluded were t⅖e o⅔ Americans t⅖at were black slaves, t⅖e ½ w⅖o were
women and all Natives
○ Colonists won the War of Independence in 1783, creating a federal republic with a Congress
● The new US was problematic as the Articles of Confederation granted so much power, each state
was like a separate country
○ 1787: constitutional convention formed a bicameral legislature and separation of powers
into legislative, executive and judicial branches
○ G. Washington was elected the first president; abolished monarchical rule
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
French Revolution
● King Louis XVI + gov thought the American Independence War would avenge the kingdom’s defeat
in the Seven Years’ War
○ Supplied them with money, arms and officers, and formed an alliance with Spain to wage
war on Great Britain
○ French-Spanish Alliance forced Britain to defeat in 1783 + made France poor on loans
■ Establishes the preconditions for the revolution
● Population increased sharply in the 1700s; food production -- and inflation++
○ Rural economy responded to the demand and colonial trade with Caribbean colonies ++
● 1781: rumours of the regime being unable to pay its debt emerged but the gov continued to borrow;
especially in bad harvest seasons
○ Suffered severe famine; gov imports ended up in hands of profiteers + hoarders
● 1788: gov was near bankrupt and a reform of the tax system became unavoidable
○ First attempt failed; King held elections for a general assembly (Estates-General)
○ Deputies from each class elected to meet in Paris but were mostly middle/upper class
○ Unrest among workers so they made the National Assembly and left the Estates General
⇒ Kin⅕ says ⅖e’s t⅖e people’s representative and en⅔orced troops in Paris
■ Parisians to swarm the streets and armed themselves to storm the Bastille
● 3 phases of Revolution:
○ constitutional monarchy; radical republicanism; military consolidation
● First phase (July/Aug 1789)
○ peasants/commoners chased landlords from estates
○ Working women marched to Versailles forcing the king to move to Paris
○ National Assembly issued Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
○ Subjected the Catholic Church to French civil law (1790)
○ Established a constitutional monarchy (1791)
○ Issued laws ending the unequal taxes of the old regime (1792)
● Second phase: radical republicanism
○ Revolutionaries were unable to establish a stable constitutional regime
○ King tried to flee with his wife but failed and Prussia threatened to intervene if the
King/Queen were harmed
○ April 1792: gov declared war on eastern neighbors
○ Deposed the King and held elections for a new assembly (National Convention) to draw up
a constitution
○ Republicans executed the royal couple in the following year and created a conscript army
○ Committee of Public Safety executed 30 000 real/suspected reactionaries during the reign
of terror
● Third phase (1795-1799)
○ Army secured borders at end of 1793
○ Reign of terror resulted in Committee o⅔ Public Sa⅔ety ⇒ Directory in Nov 1795
○ New constitution and bicameral legislature were created but political/financial stability
remained hard to maintain
○ Napoleon Bonaparte scored victories against the Austrians in northern Italy and invaded
Egypt; returned to France and overthrew the Directory and ended the Revolution in 1799
● Revival of Empire: Napoleon embarked on domestic reforms
○ reforming the legal system
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Rising urban middle classes embraced the new sciences and their philosophical interpretations; provides intellectual ammunition for the revolutions + inspiration for creative movements of romanticism and realism. Glorious revolution of 1688 in england: divine rights of monarch were curbed. Century later: idea of subjects becoming citizens with constitutionally guaranteed rights and duties, represented by the parliament spread from great britain to north america, france and haiti. Their revolutions were radical as they rejected traditional monarchy, royal/parliamentary power and led republican, middle-class or liberated slave nation-states. Revolutions left great britain + france in debt = increase in taxes = another. Victory in the seven years" war for britain meant taking over french possessions in canada and the revolution. France retreated entirely from the n. a. continent but britain was more in debt. 1763: 13 n. a colonies had experienced rapid growth which increased administrative challenges for the british who had to protect settlers from native aggression. Ongoing post-war economic slump made it worse.
