HTHSCI 1LL3 Study Guide - Winter 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Spinal Cord Injury, Glucose, Dna
12 Oct 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
HTHSCI 1LL3
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Biochemistry Lecture #1
Intro to Biochemistry
January 10, 2017
*Frequency CB
Teaching and Learning:
Deep vs surface learning
Evidence that intelligence is not fixed Mindset
Concept of Grit TED talk)
Clickers
Collaborative quizzes (testing effect)
Collaborative exams (research project)
House clips
Arts & crafts in biochemistry
Clinical examples
Biochemistry: the Boyer text defines Biochemistry as the study of life at the
molecular level
(Structure, information and energy)
Biochemistry examines the chemistry of living organisms
More on the pH and physiological aspects
The major biomolecules are:
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids
Lipids
Periodic Table:
• Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous
Chemistry Review:
• Electron= negative charge
• Proton= positive charge
• Neutron= neutral
• Bonds can occur in many different ways
o Sharing (water, with a polar bond due to oxygen)
o Understand hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and polar bonds
o Ionic: one atom transfers from one atom to another
▪ Occurs when positive and negatives attract
o Covalent: two atoms share a pair of electrons
▪ Polar sharing is when the sharing is uneven, one atom uses the
pair more
• The atom: the fundamental unit of matter
o Made of protons, neutrons, and electrons
o Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus
o Electrons move around the outside of the nucleus, forming clouds
because they move so fast
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
o Atomic number is how many protons are in the nucleus
▪ Atomic weight is the adding of protons and neutrons together
Carbon is the atom involved in all organic molecules
• Carbon can create 4 bonds
Electronegativity:
• The atom that uses the electron pair more is considered partially negative
• Know what polarity is and why it occurs
• Donations of electrons occur if one atom needs to get rid of electrons and the
other needs to gain electrons
o These atoms are related but not bound together
Proteins:
Proteins are made up of amino acids
Amino acids all have a similar structure, with different side chains
Proteins contain nitrogen in addition to carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Carbohydrates:
Carbohydrates consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen molecules
There are simple sugars such as sucrose and lactose (these are
disaccharides), and starch, which is a polysaccharide
Glucose, fructose and galactose are monosaccharides, which make up the
simple sugars
Lipids:
Lipids, or fats, are composed of fatty acids and glycerol
They contain less oxygen than carbs or proteins, they are more reduced, so
yield more energy when oxidized
Nucleic Acids:
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are polymers made
up of nucleotides
Nucleotides consist of a sugar (carbohydrate) with a base (nitrogen-
containing molecule) and phosphate molecule attached
These structures are important for understanding how genetic information is
passed from one cell to another
The instructions for the proteins
Structure:
Proteins provide structure in the body, as well as allowing reactions to
proceed (catalysis), protecting us (antibodies are proteins), transporting
nutrients (hemoglobin carries O2), controlling body processes (insulin
controls blood glucose) and providing energy (consumed protein can be
metabolized)
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Evidence that intelligence is not fixed (cid:523)(cid:498)mindset(cid:499)(cid:524) Biochemistry: the boyer text defines biochemistry as (cid:498)the study of life at the molecular level(cid:499) Biochemistry examines the chemistry of living organisms (structure, information and energy) More on the ph and physiological aspects. Periodic table: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous. Carbon is the atom involved in all organic molecules: carbon can create 4 bonds. Proteins are made up of amino acids. Amino acids all have a similar structure, with different side chains. Proteins contain nitrogen in addition to carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Carbohydrates consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen molecules. There are simple sugars such as sucrose and lactose (these are disaccharides), and starch, which is a polysaccharide. Glucose, fructose and galactose are monosaccharides, which make up the simple sugars. Lipids, or fats, are composed of fatty acids and glycerol. They contain less oxygen than carbs or proteins, they are more (cid:498)reduced(cid:499), so yield more energy when (cid:498)oxidized(cid:499)
