KINESIOL 2CC3 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Anaerobic Glycolysis, Cellular Respiration, Phosphagen

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28 Nov 2017

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Anaerobic exercise response (how do anaerobic systems respond to exercise?) Aerobic exercise response (how does the aerobic system respond to exercise?) Pyruv te + nadh (cid:324) nad+ + lactic acid: lactic acid is buffered by our bicarbonate system to produce additional co2, this will skew the rer values and make it look higher than it actually is. Oxygen uptake is measured by vo2: volume of oxygen uptake per minute, it can be absolute (l/min, ml/min) or relative (ml/min kg) ** if criteria 1 is not filled but 1 of the other ones are, it is called. This tries to me sure the endur nce perform nce c p ility of n individual using 3 factors: vo2 max, lactate threshold (lt, efficiency. Lt, but 1 person may be able to work a higher intensity at that performance. After training, which factor shows the greatest improvement: lactate threshold shows the greatest improvement, not vo2 max.

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Medical History:
Mr. AB, a 60 yr old Caucasian male, comes to your fitness center for an exercise program. He is apparently healthy but has a 15 yr history of hypertension. His goal is to improve his health and fitness and reduce his risk for heart disease. In the past he did heavy resistance training and powerlifting. At present he has a body mass index of 31 kg Â· mâ2. His medications include aspirin (325 mg daily) and atenolol (50 mg daily). He has a familyhistory of premature CHD; his low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is elevated (165 mg Â· dlâ1); his resting BP is 148/88 mmHg; and his resting heart rate is 60 beats Â· minâ1. He drinks three or four cans of beer with dinner each evening.

Diagnosis:
Mr. AB has a lengthy history of hypertension. Additional risk factors include obesity, age, family history, dyslipidemia, sedentary lifestyle, and elevated alcohol consumption.

Exercise Test Results:
During a recent maximal exercise test, Mr. AB exercised for 6 min using the Bruce treadmill protocol and achieved a maximum heart rate of 130 beats Â· minâ1 and BP of 240/90 mmHg. He did not develop any significant arrhythmias or ST-segment changes.

Exercise Prescription:
Mr. AB achieved 81% of his age-predicted maximal heart rate (HRmax). The test was negative for underlying cardiovascular ischemia. The initial prescription should be set at a modest intensity (40% V.O2R), and emphasis should be placed on building exercise duration to increase energy expenditure. Non-weight-bearing activities should be emphasized initially to minimize risk of musculoskeletal injury.

Questions:
1. Is it necessary for Mr. AB to exercise at high intensity to help manage his hypertension?

2. How will atenolol (a b-blocker) affect the prescription of a target heart rate range for Mr. AB?

3. What is an appropriate aerobic exercise prescription for Mr. AB?

4. What advice would you give Mr. AB about going back to heavy resistance training and powerlifting?

5. What additional lifestyle modifications should be discussed with Mr. AB to optimize his BP control?

Medical History and Physycal E x a m i n a t i o n:
At age 7, Mr. AT suffered a series of seizures, and after a physical e x a m, lab tests, and electroencephalography, he was diagnosed with epilepsy and put on epileptic medication. He has gained 25 lb (11 kg) over the last 2 yr. He complains about excessive postural sway and loss of balance while walking and therefore uses his fatherâs cane. He has no history of smoking or alcohol consumption, but he has a familial history of diabetes. At a recent physical e x a m his low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was 178 mg Â· dlâ1, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was 61 mg Â· dlâ1, fasting glucose was 88 mg Â· dlâ1, and waist circumference was 42 in. (107 cm). He is currently on Carbatrol (carbamazepine) and baclofen.

Diagnosis:
Mr. AT, now 28 yr old, was born prematurely along with his twin sister at 34 wk. His mother experienced a severe infection early in her pregnancy and was hospitalized for several days; upon birth he had an Apgar score of 4. At age 1 he was diagnosed with spastic hemiplegia.

Exercise Test Results:
Because Mr. AT is ambulatory but has balance difficulties, leg cycle ergometry was chosen as the method of aerobic exercise testing. His resting blood pressure and heart rate in a seated position were 134/80 mmHg and 82 beats Â· minâ1, respectively. A small face mask was used to provide an adequate seal. A toe clip on his right side was used to maintain proper foot positioning on the pedals, and an adaptive glove was used to help his right hand grip the handlebar throughout the test. Mr. AT performed a 2 min warm-up without resistance. The leg cycle ergometry test began at 25 W at a cadence of 50 to 60 rpm. The protocol consisted of 2 min stages with an increase of 15 W per stage. The following data were collected during the exercise test.
The exercise test was terminated at 5:15 because of increased hip adductor spasticity and inability to maintain speed of 50 rpm, and by request of the participant because of shortness of breath. No signs of electrocardiogram abnormalities were present during the test. His V.O2 at 5:00 was 16 ml Â· kgâ1 Â· minâ1. The RER was <1.00 and the heart rate and V.O2 failed to reach peak. This was not a valid peak V.O2 test.
Because of the termination of the clinical leg cycle ergometry test, a more functional approach was chosen. The Timed Get Up and Go test was used as a baseline measure. This test used the following protocol.
Test Instructions
1. Starting position: Sit upright against the chair.
2. Stand up from the chair (time start).
3. Move quickly along the line toward the opposite end.
4. Touch the end and pivot back toward the chair.
5. Move quickly all the way back to the chair.
6. Pivot.
7. Sit back down (time end).
The total distance was 10 ft (3.05 m). The test was performed three times. Mr. ATâs scores were 42 s, 38 s, and 40 s. (A score over 30 s suggests a higher risk of falls.) Mr. AT used his assistive device during all testing.

Exercise Prescription:
Using the information presented in the medical history and exercise testing sections and in tables 27.9 through 27.11, develop an exercise prescription that encompasses aerobic, strength, flexibility, and neuromuscular training. Consider the different modes for each of the exercise training domains and the frequency, duration, intensity, and progression of each.

Questions:
1. How would the clinical exercise physiologist best determine the appropriate resistance levels to prescribe for this person?

2. What factors represented in the ICF model should the clinical exercise physiologist take into consideration to increase the adherence level and success of this client?

3. What fall prevention strategies should be incorporated into the exercise prescription for an individual who is at increased risk for falls?

4. Is the assistive device described in this case study appropriate for use by Mr. AT?

5. How should the clinical exercise physiologist incorporate weight loss strategies into the goals for this client?

Question 2

The DSM-IV describes an "Eating Disorder Not OtherwiseSpecified" as:

self-starvation that leads to severe nutrient deficiencies

compulsive eating disorder

a variety of atypical eating behaviors used to maintain or lowerbody weight

recurrent episodes of extreme overeating followed byself-induced vomiting

Question 3

The nutrition paradox refers to:

coexistance of underweight and obesity in the same region

too mucn vitamin A in foods rich in vitamin C

poor countries that have excessive rates of obesity

obese children from nonobese parents

Question 4

Which of the following represents a nutrition transition?

decreased reliance on carbohydrates

increased consumption of sugar

increased availibility of maize over corn

lower-fat subsistence crops

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT part of the GOBI initiative?

breast-feeding

obesity control

immunization

growth monitoring

Question 6

Which of the following is a response to the drawbacks of theGreen Revolution?

WIC

high yield varities of grains

sustainable agriculture

biotechnology

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Question 70.5 pts

Worldwide, the major cause of undernutrition is:

unequal distribution of food

diseases (like AIDS)

poor farming practices

overpopulation

Question 8

Which agency monitors all confirmed causes of food-borneillness?

EPA

FDA

CDC

USDA

Question 9

In which of the following environments does Clostridiumbotulinum flourish?

acidic

alkaline

<40 degrees F

> 140 degrees F

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of food intoxication?

Norwalk virus

Salmonella

hepatitis A

Clostridium botulinum

Question 11

All of the following describe characteristics of the femaleathlete triad EXCEPT

menstrual dysfunction

disordered eating

hypertension

osteoporosis

Question 12

Impulsive, low self-esteem, seeks attention, extroverted, anderratic describe personality traits of:

bulemia nervosa

binge-eating disorder

obesity

anorexia nervosa

Question 13

Obsessive-compulsive, perfectionism, socially inhibited,compliant, and emotionally restrained describe personality traiatsof

binge-eating disorder

anorexia nervosa

bulimia nervosa

obesity

Question 14

The Institute of Medicine recommends a minimum of ________minutes of physical activity each day for adults.

Question 15

Regular exercise reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes by all butwhich of the following?

decreases the cellular uptake of blood glucose

delays the onset of complications of type 2 diabetes

increases control of blood glucose

enhances the action of insulin

Question 16

What is meant by the overload principle?

stretching a muscle group beyond the joint's healthy range ofmotion

improving fitness by placing extra physical demand on thebody

complete depletion of the body's glycogen

subjecting the body to inappropriately high stress

Question 17

The acronym FIT stands for:

fatigue, intensity, and training.

flexibility, increase, and training.

fitness, increase, and time.

frequency, intensity, and time.

Question 18

To achieve cardiorespiratory fitness it is recommended thattraining should occur ________.

3-5 days a week

daily

more than 5 days a week

2-3 days a week

Question 19

To achieve and maintain physical fitness, exercise intensityshould be ________ of the maximal heart rate.

35-50%

15-25%

25-30%

50-80%

Question 20

In which of the following types of exercise would CP (creatinephosphate) be an important source of energy?

biking up a mountain

sprinting in the 100-meter race

running a 10-kilometer road race

playing in a football game

Question 21

Which is NOT an advantage of aerobic metabolism over anaerobicmetabolism?

Much more energy is produced for every fuel molecule.

Aerobic metabolism acts more quickly.

Harmful metabolites do not accumulate as quickly.

A greater fuel supply is available.

Question 22

An unwanted effect of an overly vigorous warm-up is:

increased muscle temperature.

glycogen depletion.

increased body temperature.

reduced stress levels.

Question 23

Each day Bill power-walks for 45 minutes. Which fuel source(s)provide(s) energy during this activity?

amino acids

glucose

fatty acids

fatty acids and glucose

Question 24

The main disadvantage of using fat as a fuel is:

the body's limited storage capability.

its low energy density.

its slow metabolic breakdown.

the limitation of anaerobic metabolism.

Question 25

Joseph plays basketball for his high school team and he isconcerned that he is not consuming enough kilocalories to supporthis activity. Which of the following would be the best indicatorthat he is not consuming adequate kilocalories?

His hemoglobin is low.

His blood glucose levels are low.

His performance has been impaired.

He is losing weight.

Question 26

Rachel is a gymnast who trains 2 hours/day on average. Shesupports her daily activity by consuming 2,500 kilocalories perday. How many kilocalories should she be consuming fromcarbohydrate sources?

1,500-1,625 kilocalories

1,125-1,300 kilocalories

1,300-1,500 kilocalories

1,625-1,750 kilocalories

Question 27

The best time to replenish glycogen stores is:

the day after exercising.

a few hours before exercising.

the day before exercising.

right after exercising.

Question 28

In which of the following events would carbohydrate loading bethe most beneficial?

cross country skiing

baseball game

weight lifting

100-yard dash

Question 29

Osteoporosis, eating disorders, dehydration, and heat illnessare all possible consequences of:

the Zone diet.

carbohydrate loading.

inadequate dietary intake.

overtraining.

Question 30

Which of the following is the most potentially harmful?

heat syncope

heatstroke

heat cramps

heat exhaustion

Question 31

Which of the following athletes would be LEAST likely to developiron deficiency anemia?

a female marathon runner

a male basketball player who is a vegan

a female gymnast

a male distance swimmer

Question 32

Amenorrhea, sometimes seen in female athletes, is:

the onset of menstruation.

osteoporosis.

the loss of the menstrual cycle.

frequent diarrhea.

Question 33

Some athletes believe that caffeine can enhance athleticperformance because it has been shown to:

increase the transport of amino acids to exercising muscle.

increase muscle flexibility and strength.

increase the use of fatty acids as a fuel source.

regenerate ATP for energy.

Question 34

Which of the following ergogenic aids has been shown to enhanceshort-term exercise and resistance training?

chromium picolinate

creatine

carnatine

ephedrine

Question 35

Consuming processed foods as opposed to whole foods decreasesthe risk of contracting a food-borne illness.

True

False

Question 36

Regular physical activity can increase HDL-cholesterol.

True

False

Question 37

Nearly 1 in 6 American adults reports getting no physicalactivity at all.

True

False

Question 38

Lactic acid is a by-product of high-intensity exercise.

True

False

Question 39

Training can enhance the ability to store glycogen.

True

False

Question 40

The primary fuel source utilized in both anaerobic and aerobicexercise is protein (amino acids).

True

False

Question 41

Studies suggest that athletes need to consume more than 2grams/kg of protein each day to maintain muscle strength.

True

False

Question 420.5 pts

Refigerating or freezing foods will kill any bacteria present inthe food.

True

False

Question 43

Most athletes do not consume enough protein to support theiradded physical activity.

True

False

Question 44

Thirst is a very reliable indicator of dehydration.

True

False

KINESIOL 2CC3 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Anaerobic Glycolysis, Cellular Respiration, Phosphagen

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